AlaindeBotton_2011G[阿兰.德波顿][无神论 2.0].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件One of the most common ways of dividing the world is intothose who believe and those who dont-into the religiousand the atheists.有一种把世界分割开看的很普遍的方法 就是分成信神的人们 以及不信仰神的人们-分成信仰宗教者和无神论者00:12And for the last decade or so,its been quite clear what beingan atheist means.并且对于最近大约十年的时间左右都是适用的 这是很明

2、显的 无神论者是什么意思00:22There have been some very vocal atheists whove pointedout,not just that religion is wrong,but that its ridiculous.曾经有过一些耿直的,直言不讳的无神论者 他们指出 不仅宗教这种立场本身是错误的 它还是极其荒谬的00:28These people,many of whom have lived in North Oxford,have argued-theyve argued that believing in God is akinto belie

3、ving in fairies and essentially that the whole thing is achildish game.这些人们,很多曾经都在牛津北部居住过的人们 对此有一些看法 他们声称对于上帝的信仰 就像是对于童话和仙女的信仰 并且本质上讲整件事情 都是幼稚的小孩玩的游戏00:37Now I think its too easy.现在我觉得这些话说得太简单了00:51I think its too easy to dismiss the whole of religion that way.我认为过于简单容易了 从那种角度去排斥宗教00:53And its as ea

4、sy as shooting fish in a barrel.就像是用炮管射击一条鱼一样简单00:58而我今天想要郑重提出的 是一种成为无神论者的新的方式 如果你喜欢的话,这是一种无神论的新的版本 我们称它为无神论2.001:00那么什么是“无神论2.0”？01:10Well it starts from a very basic premise:of course,theres noGod.其实它是建立在一个非常基础的前提上的 当然,也就是说上帝是不存在的01:12religious:adj.宗教的；虔诚的；严谨的；修道的/n.修道士；尼姑 atheists:n.无神论者 atheist:

5、n.无神论者 ridiculous:adj.可笑的；荒谬的 akin:adj.类似的;同类的;同族的 fairies:n.精灵(fairy的复数);瓶之仙女 childish:adj.幼稚的,孩子气的premise:vt.引出,预先提出;作为的前提/n.前提;上述各项;房屋连地基/vi.作出前提Of course,there are no deities or supernatural spirits orangels,etc.当然,世界上也没有神性或者超自然的神灵 或者说天使,等等01:17Now lets move on;thats not the end of the story,tha

6、ts thevery,very beginning.现在让我们更进一步讲:这并不是故事的结尾 这只是一个崭新的开始,崭新的开始01:22Im interested in the kind of constituency that thinkssomething along these lines:that thinks,I cant believe inany of this stuff.我对于选举特别感兴趣 设想这条路上有一些东西:设想:“我根本就不能相信任何一份材料”01:28I cant believe in the doctrines.我根本不能相信这些教条01:35I dont th

7、ink these doctrines are right.我不认为它们是正确的01:38But,a very important but,I love Christmas carols.但是,“一个非常重要的但是”,“我喜欢圣诞的赞美歌”01:40I really like the art of Mantegna.我非常喜欢曼特纳的艺术01:44I really like looking at old churches.我非常喜欢注目凝视古老的教堂01:47I really like turning the pages of the Old Testament.我非常喜欢翻看一页旧约圣书01

8、:49Whatever it may be,you know the kind of thing Im talkingabout-people who are attracted to the ritualistic side,themoralistic,communal side of religion,but cant bear thedoctrine.还有很多很多 你们知道我在说什么吧 那些站在“惯例与仪式”一边的人们 那些满嘴道德的人,那些宗教的公共场合 但是就是不能忍受这些教条01:52deities:n.神明,神灵(deity的复数)supernatural:adj.超自然的;神奇

9、的,不可思议的/n.超自然现象;不可思议的事constituency:n.(选区的)选民;支持者;(一批)顾客 doctrines:主义/学说/教义/信条(doctrine的复数)carols:n.颂歌;欢乐的歌(carol的复数)/v.欢唱(carol的三单形式)Testament:n.法遗嘱;圣约;确实的证明 ritualistic:adj.仪式的;固守仪式的;惯例的 moralistic:adj.说教的;道学的;道德家的;注意道德的 communal:adj.公共的;公社的 doctrine:n.主义;学说;教义;信条Until now,these people have faced a

10、 rather unpleasantchoice.直到现在。这些人始终面对着一种让人相当不开心的选择02:03Its almost as though either you accept the doctrine and thenyou can have all the nice stuff,or you reject the doctrine andyoure living in some kind of spiritual wasteland under theguidance of CNN and Walmart.02:06So thats a sort of tough choice.

11、02:17TED演讲者：Alain de Botton|阿兰.德波顿演讲标题：Alain de Botton:Atheism 2.0|无神论 2.0内容概要：Through his witty and literate books-and his new School of Life-Alain de Bottonhelps others find fulfillment in the everyday.无神论者应该如何对待宗教?阿兰.德波顿提出了一种 无神论的宗教-名为 无神论2.0,其中包括了宗教中的传统仪式,人与人之间的互相依赖，以及人们对超凡脱俗的需要.I dont think we

12、have to make that choice.02:19I think there is an alternative.02:21I think there are ways-and Im being both very respectfuland completely impious-of stealing from religions.02:23If you dont believe in a religion,theres nothing wrong withpicking and mixing,with taking out the best sides ofreligion.02

13、:3002:37The secular world is full of holes.02:47We have secularized badly,I would argue.02:49And a thorough study of religion could give us all sorts ofinsights into areas of life that are not going too well.02:52wasteland:n.荒地,不毛之地;未开垦地,荒漠;(精神或文化上的)贫乏 respectful:adj.恭敬的；有礼貌的 impious:adj.不虔诚的;不孝的;不敬

14、的 mixing:n.混合;电子混频/v.混合(mix的ing形式)secular:adj.世俗的;长期的;现世的;不朽的/n.修道院外的教士,(对宗教家而言的)俗人 insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数)And Id like to run through a few of these today.02:59Id like to kick off by looking at education.03:03Now education is a field the secular world really believes in.03:06When we think

15、 about how were going to make the world abetter place,we think education;thats where we put a lot ofmoney.03:10Education is going to give us,not only commercial skills,industrial skills,its also going to make us better people.03:15You know the kind of thing a commencement address is,and graduation c

16、eremonies,those lyrical claims thateducation,the process of education-particularly highereducation-will make us into nobler and better humanbeings.03:20Thats a lovely idea.03:31Interesting where it came from.03:33In the early 19th century,church attendance in WesternEurope started sliding down very,

17、very sharply,and peoplepanicked.03:35run through:跑着穿过;浏览;刺;挥霍 kick off:足球中线开球;口(使)开始;美,口死;踢开 commencement:n.开始,发端;毕业典礼 ceremonies:n.仪式;典礼;礼节;客套(ceremony的复数形式)lyrical:adj.抒情诗调的;感情丰富的;充满愉悦的higher education:高等教育(指含大学以上的教育)attendance:n.出席;到场;出席人数 sliding:adj.变化的;滑行的/n.滑;移动/v.滑动;使滑行(slide的ing形式)sharply:a

18、dv.急剧地;锐利地 panicked:vt.恐慌They asked themselves the following question.03:42They said,where are people going to find the morality,whereare they going to find guidance,and where are they going tofind sources of consolation?03:44And influential voices came up with one answer.03:51They said culture.03:5

19、3Its to culture that we should look for guidance,forconsolation,for morality.03:55Lets look to the plays of Shakespeare,the dialogues of Plato,the novels of Jane Austen.04:00In there,well find a lot of the truths that we might previouslyhave found in the Gospel of Saint John.04:05Now I think thats a

20、 very beautiful idea and a very true idea.04:10They wanted to replace scripture with culture.04:13And thats a very plausible idea.04:16Its also an idea that we have forgotten.04:18consolation:n.安慰;慰问;起安慰作用的人或事物 dialogues:n.对话(dialogue的复数);对话录;对话理解 novels:n.小说(novel的复数)Gospel:n.真理;信条/adj.传播福音的;福音赞美诗的

21、 scripture:n.(大写)圣经;手稿;(大写)圣经的一句plausible:adj.貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的www.XiYuS锡育软件If you went to a top university-lets say you went toHarvard or Oxford or Cambridge-and you said,Ive comehere because Im in search of morality,guidance andconsolation;04:22I want to know how to live,04:30they would show

22、 you the way to the insane asylum.04:32This is simply not what our grandest and best institutes ofhigher learning are in the business of.04:35Why?They dont think we need it.04:40They dont think we are in an urgent need of assistance.04:42They see us as adults,rational adults.04:45What we need is inf

23、ormation.04:47We need data,we dont need help.04:49Now religions start from a very different place indeed.04:51All religions,all major religions,at various points call uschildren.04:54And like children,they believe that we are in severe need ofassistance.04:59in search of:寻找;搜寻 asylum:n.庇护;收容所,救济院 in

24、stitutes:n.学院(institute的复数)/v.建立(institute的第三人称单数形式)start from:从开始Were only just holding it together.05:03Perhaps this is just me,maybe you.05:05But anyway,were only just holding it together.05:07And we need help.Of course,we need help.05:10And so we need guidance and we need didactic learning.05:12

25、You know,in the 18th century in the U.K.,the greatestpreacher,greatest religious preacher,was a man called JohnWesley,who went up and down this country deliveringsermons,advising people how they could live.05:15He delivered sermons on the duties of parents to theirchildren and children to their pare

26、nts,the duties of the richto the poor and the poor to the rich.05:25He was trying to tell people how they should live throughthe medium of sermons,the classic medium of delivery ofreligions.05:31Now weve given up with the idea of sermons.05:38didactic:adj.说教的;教诲的 preacher:n.牧师;传教士;鼓吹者 up and down:上上

27、下下;到处;前前后后;来来往往 sermons:n.布道(sermon的复数);说教;布道辞 advising:v.建议(advise的ing形式);通知;劝告/n.建议;劝告/adj.通知的 live through:度过;经受过If you said to a modern liberal individualist,Hey,how abouta sermon?05:40theyd go,No,no.I dont need one of those.05:44Im an independent,individual person.05:46Whats the difference betw

28、een a sermon and our modern,secular mode of delivery,the lecture?05:48Well a sermon wants to change your life and a lecture wantsto give you a bit of information.05:53And I think we need to get back to that sermon tradition.05:59The tradition of sermonizing is hugely valuable,because weare in need o

29、f guidance,morality and consolation-andreligions know that.06:02Another point about education:we tend to believe in themodern secular world that if you tell someone somethingonce,theyll remember it.06:10Sit them in a classroom,tell them about Plato at the age of20,send them out for a career in manag

30、ement consultancyfor 40 years,and that lesson will stick with them.06:17individualist:n.利己主义者,个人主义者 sermon:n.布道;训诫;启示;冗长的讲话/vt.对布道;对说教/vi.布道sermonizing:vi.说教;布道/vt.对说教;对布道 consultancy:n.咨询公司;顾问工作Religions go,Nonsense.06:24You need to keep repeating the lesson 10 times a day.06:26So get on your knees

31、 and repeat it.06:29Thats what all religions tell us:Get on you knees and repeatit 10 or 20 or 15 times a day.06:31Otherwise our minds are like sieves.06:36So religions are cultures of repetition.06:38They circle the great truths again and again and again.06:40We associate repetition with boredom.06

32、:42Give us the new,were always saying.06:44The new is better than the old.06:46If I said to you,Okay,were not going to have new TED.06:48Were just going to run through all the old ones and watchthem five times because theyre so true.06:50Were going to watch Elizabeth Gilbert five times becausewhat s

33、he says is so clever,youd feel cheated.06:54Not so if youre adopting a religious mindset.07:00sieves:粮食数筛 again and again:adv.再三地,反复地 boredom:n.厌倦;令人厌烦的事物 adopting:vt.采取;接受;收养;正式通过/vi.采取;过继 mindset:n.心态;倾向;习惯;精神状态The other things that religions do is to arrange time.07:02All the major religions give

34、 us calendars.07:06What is a calendar?07:08A calendar is a way of making sure that across the year youwill bump into certain very important ideas.07:10In the Catholic chronology,Catholic calendar,at the end ofMarch you will think about St.Jerome and his qualities ofhumility and goodness and his gene

35、rosity to the poor.07:16You wont do that by accident;you will do that because youare guided to do that.07:25Now we dont think that way.07:28In the secular world we think,If an idea is important,Illbump into it.07:30Ill just come across it.07:32Nonsense,says the religious world view.07:34calendars:n.

36、天日历(calendar的复数)bump into:无意中遇到,碰到 Catholic:adj.天主教的;宽宏大量的/n.天主教徒;罗马天主教 chronology:n.年表;年代学 qualities:统计品质 humility:n.谦卑,谦逊 generosity:n.慷慨,大方;宽宏大量 comeacross:v.偶遇;无意中发现;讲得清楚明白;给人印象Religious view says we need calendars,we need to structuretime,we need to synchronize encounters.07:36This comes across

37、 also in the way in which religions set uprituals around important feelings.07:41Take the Moon.Its really important to look at the Moon.07:47You know,when you look at the Moon,you think,Im reallysmall.What are my problems?07:50It sets things into perspective,etc.,etc.07:54We should all look at the M

38、oon a bit more often.We dont.07:56Why dont we?Well theres nothing to tell us,Look at theMoon.07:58But if youre a Zen Buddhist in the middle of September,youwill be ordered out of your home,made to stand on acanonical platform and made to celebrate the festival ofTsukimi,where you will be given poems

39、 to read in honor ofthe Moon and the passage of time and the frailty of life thatit should remind us of.08:01synchronize:vt.使合拍;使同步/vi.同步;同时发生 encounters:v.遭遇(encounter的第三人称单数);邂逅/n.遭遇战(encounter的复数);相见 in the way:妨碍;挡道 Zen:n.禅;禅宗;禅宗信徒(等于ZenBuddhism)canonical:adj.依教规的;权威的;牧师的/n.牧师礼服 poems:n.诗歌,诗集(po

40、em复数形式)frailty:n.虚弱;弱点;意志薄弱Youll be handed rice cakes.08:15And the Moon and the reflection on the Moon will have asecure place in your heart.08:17Thats very good.08:21The other thing that religions are really aware of is:speakwell-Im not doing a very good job of this here-butoratory,oratory is absol

41、utely key to religions.08:23In the secular world,you can come through the universitysystem and be a lousy speaker and still have a great career.08:32But the religious world doesnt think that way.08:37What youre saying needs to be backed up by a reallyconvincing way of saying it.08:39So if you go to

42、an African American Pentecostalist church in08:43So if you go to an African American Pentecostalist church inthe American South and you listen to how they talk,mygoodness,they talk well.After every convincing point,people will go,Amen,amen,amen.08:51At the end of a really rousing paragraph,theyll al

43、l stand up,and theyll go,Thank you Jesus,thank you Christ,thank youSavior.08:54oratory:n.雄辩;演讲术 convincing:adj.令人信服的;有说服力的/v.使相信;使明白(convince的现在分词)rousing:adj.活泼的;使奋起的;使感动的/v.唤醒;激怒;唤起(rouse的ing形式)all stand:全部起立 Savior:n.救世主;救星;救助者If we were doing it like they do it-lets not do it,but if wewere to do

44、 it-I would tell you something like,Cultureshould replace scripture.08:59And you would go,Amen,amen,amen.09:06And at the end of my talk,you would all stand up and youwould go,Thank you Plato,thank you Shakespeare,thankyou Jane Austen.09:08And wed know that we had a real rhythm going.09:12All right,a

45、ll right.Were getting there.Were getting there.09:15(Applause)The other thing that religions know is were notjust brains,we are also bodies.09:17And when they teach us a lesson,they do it via the body.09:23So for example,take the Jewish idea of forgiveness.09:27Jews are very interested in forgivenes

46、s and how we shouldstart anew and start afresh.09:31They dont just deliver us sermons on this.09:35They dont just give us books or words about this.09:37They tell us to have a bath.09:39anew:adv.重新;再 afresh:adv.重新;再度So in Orthodox Jewish communities,every Friday you go toa Mikveh.09:41You immerse yo

47、urself in the water,and a physical actionbacks up a philosophical idea.09:44We dont tend to do that.09:49Our ideas are in one area and our behavior with our bodies isin another.09:51Religions are fascinating in the way they try and combine thetwo.09:54Lets look at art now.09:56www.XiYuS锡育软件Now art i

48、s something that in the secular world,we think veryhighly of.We think art is really,really important.09:58A lot of our surplus wealth goes to museums,etc.10:04We sometimes hear it said that museums are our newcathedrals,or our new churches.10:07Youve heard that saying.10:12Now I think that the poten

49、tial is there,but weve completelylet ourselves down.10:14And the reason weve let ourselves down is that were notproperly studying how religions handle art.10:18Orthodox:adj.正统的;传统的;惯常的;东正教的/n.正统的人;正统的事物 immerse:vt.沉浸;使陷入 philosophical:adj.哲学的(等于philosophic);冷静的 cathedrals:教堂The two really bad ideas

50、that are hovering in the modernworld that inhibit our capacity to draw strength from art:10:26The first idea is that art should be for arts sake-a ridiculousidea-an idea that art should live in a hermetic bubble andshould not try to do anything with this troubled world.10:33I couldnt disagree more.1