ArisVenetikidis_2012X[阿里斯.维内提克迪斯][有意义的地图].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件What I do is I organize information.Im a graphic designer.我是一名平面设计师,我的工作是组织信息。00:12Professionally,I try to make sense often of things that dontmake much sense themselves.从专业的角度来说,我尝试理解那些00:15So my father might not understand what it is that I do for aliving.来谋生的。00:22His part of my ance

2、stry has been farmers.我父辈的祖先都是农民。00:26Hes part of this ethnic minority called the Pontic Greeks.00:28They lived in Asia Minor,and fled to Greece after a genocideabout a hundred years ago,and ever since that,migrationhas somewhat been a theme in my family.他们原本聚居在小亚细亚,后来逃难到希腊00:31My father moved to Ge

3、rmany,studied there,and married,and as a result,I now have this half-German brain with all theanalytical thinking and that slight dorky demeanor thatcomes with that.我父亲移民到德国,在那儿接受教育,并且成家立室,所以,我现在拥有一半的德国人头脑00:42graphic:adj.形象的;图表的;绘画似的 Professionally:adv.专业地;内行地 make sense:有意义;讲得通;言之有理 ancestry:n.祖先;

4、血统 ethnic:adj.种族的;人种的 fled:v.逃走(flee的过去分词);消逝 genocide:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀analytical:adj.分析的;解析的;善于分析的 dorky:愚蠢的/笨拙的/过时的 demeanor:n.风度;举止;行为And of course it meant that I was a foreigner in bothcountries,and that of course made it pretty easy for me tomigrate as well,in good family tradition,if you lik

5、e.00:57But of course,most journeys that we undertake from day today are within a city,and especially if you know the city,getting from A to B may seem pretty obvious,right?都是在一个城市里的,特别是 如果你熟悉这座城市,从A地前往B地 可能是相当简单的,对吧？01:07But the question is,why is it obvious?01:20How do we know where were going?我们怎么

6、知道我们正前往何处？01:24So I washed up on a Dublin ferry port about 12 years ago,aprofessional foreigner,if you like,and Im sure youve all hadthis experience before,yeah?大约12年前,作为一位完全的外国人 我曾经在都柏林渡轮码头从事洗碗碟的工作01:26You arrive in a new city,and your brain is trying to makesense of this new place.去理解记忆这个全新的地方。01:

7、35Once you find your base,your home,you start to built thiscognitive map of your environment.一旦你找到落根的地方,你的家01:41Its essentially this virtual map that only exists in your brain.All animal species do it,even though we all use slightlydifferent tools.你的脑袋里。所有的动物都会这样,尽管我们的方式方法有一点点的不同。01:49migrate:vi.移动;

8、随季节而移居;移往/vt.使移居;使移植 from day to day:一天天地 ferry:n.渡船；摆渡；渡口/vt.(乘渡船)渡过；用渡船运送；空运/vi.摆渡；来往行驶/make sense of:搞清的意思 cognitive:adj.认知的，认识的Us humans,of course,we dont move around marking ourterritory by scent,like dogs.我们人类当然不会像犬类动物那样01:58We dont run around emitting ultrasonic squeaks,like bats.我们也不会像蝙蝠那样,四

9、处乱窜,叽叽地叫,发送超声波。02:04We just dont do that,although a night in the Temple Bardistrict can get pretty wild.(Laughter)No,we do twoimportant things to make a place our own.我们肯定不这么干。虽然在特普吧区（都柏林一个城区）待上一晚可以使人变得相当狂野。02:09First,we move along linear routes.02:20Typically we find a main street,and this main str

10、eet becomesa linear strip map in our minds.就成为我们意识里的线型条带状地图。02:23But our mind keeps it pretty simple,yeah?02:29Every street is generally perceived as a straight line,and wekind of ignore the little twists and turns that the streetsmake.每一条街总体上都被看作是一条直线,02:32When we do,however,make a turn into a side

11、 street,our然而,当我们要拐弯进入一条小巷时,我们的意识倾向于将这种拐弯调整为90度的直角。02:39TED演讲者：Aris Venetikidis|阿里斯.维内提克迪斯演讲标题：Aris Venetikidis:Making sense of maps|有意义的地图内容概要：Aris Venetikidis imagines how maps work with our minds.地图设计师阿里斯.维内提克迪斯为人们脑中构造地图的方式着迷不已与其说像街道地图的方式，还不如说更像原理图的方式，运用线路和表示地理位置间关系的抽象意象。我们如何能从脑内地图的方式中学到东西，应用于制作真

12、实地图呢?作为一个测试案例，他重新绘制了臭名昭着的都柏林巴士图。（在TEDx都柏林设置）When we do,however,make a turn into a side street,ourmind tends to adjust that turn to a 90-degree angle.向于将这种拐弯调整为90度的直角。02:39move around:v.走来走去;绕着来回转 marking:n.标志;打分;做记号;斑纹/v.注意;作记号于;给打分数(mark的ing形式)run around:东奔西跑;(特指孩子)到处玩耍游逛 ultrasonic:adj.声超声的;超音速的/n

13、.超声波 squeaks:vi.告密;吱吱叫;侥幸成功/n.吱吱声;机会/vt.以短促尖声发出 linear:adj.线的，线型的；直线的，线状的；长度的 Typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地 perceived:v.感知;认为(perceive的过去分词);领会/adj.感知到的;感观的 twists:n.力扭曲,一扭(twist的复数形式)/v.力扭曲,拧(twist的三单形式)turn into:v.变成;进入 tends:vi.趋向,倾向;照料,照顾/vt.照料,照管This of course makes for some funny moments when youre

14、 insome old city layout that follows some sort of circular citylogic,yeah?这样做当然会引发一些有趣的事情,环形城市理念来规划的。02:46Maybe youve had that experience as well,right?02:57Lets say youre on some spot on a side street that projectsfrom a main cathedral square,and you want to get toanother point on a side street jus

15、t like that.是从天主堂广场延伸出来的,而你想去02:58The cognitive map in your mind may tell you,Aris,go backto the main cathedral square,take a 90-degree turn,andwalk down that other side street.你的意识中的认知地图可能会告诉你,“艾利斯,03:09But somehow you feel adventurous that day,and yousuddenly discover that the two spots were actua

16、lly only asingle building apart.03:20Now,I dont know about you,but I always feel like I find thiswormhole or this inter-dimensional portal.03:30So we move along linear routes and our mind straightensstreets and perceives turns as 90-degree angles.90度的直角。03:37cathedral:n.大教堂 adventurous:adj.爱冒险的;大胆的;

17、充满危险的 wormhole:n.虫孔;蛀洞 portal:n.大门,入口straightens:vt.整顿;使改正;使挺直;使好转/vi.变直;好转 perceives:vt.察觉,感觉;理解;认知/vi.感到,感知;认识到The second thing that we do to make a place our own is weattach meaning and emotions to the things that we seealong those lines.我们沿路所看到的事物。03:47If you go to the Irish countryside,and you

18、ask an old lady fordirections,brace yourself for some elaborate你就要准备好接下来滔滔不绝的03:57Irish storytelling about all the landmarks.Yeah?04:05Shell tell you the pub where her sister used to work,and gopast the church where I got married,that kind of thing.她将会跟你说那个她姐姐曾经工作过的酒吧,04:09So we fill our cognitive m

19、aps with these markers of meaning.04:15Whats more,we abstract,repeat patterns,and recognizethem.甚至于,我们会抽象化,重复那些图案,并识别它们04:19We recognize them by the experiences,and we abstractthem into symbols.04:25And of course,we are all capable of understanding thesesymbols.(Laughter)Whats more,were all capable

20、ofunderstanding the cognitive maps,and you are all capable ofcreating these cognitive maps yourselves.04:31countryside:n.农村,乡下;乡下的全体居民 brace:n.支柱;语大括号;曲柄/vt.支撑;振作起来;激励;撑牢/vi.支持;打起精神/adj.曲柄的 elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的/vt.精心制作;详细阐述;从简单成分合成(复杂有机物)/vi.详细描述;变复杂 storytelling:n.讲故事;说谎话/adj.讲故事的;说谎的 land

21、marks:n.地标,航陆标;标志(landmark复数形式)pub:n.酒馆;客栈 markers:n.标记;记分员;书签;马克笔(marker的复数)So next time,when you want to tell your friend how to get toyour place,you grab a beermat,grab a napkin,and you justobserve yourself create this awesome piece ofcommunication design.Its got straight lines.所以下次,当你想告诉你朋友怎么到你家

22、时04:48Its got 90 degree corners.05:02You might add little symbols along the way.你也许会在沿路添加些小符号。05:05And when you look at what youve just drawn,you realize itdoes not resemble a street map.而当你看着你所画的东西时,你会发现它并不像一张街道地图。05:07If you were to put an actual street map on top of what youvejust drawn,youd real

23、ize your streets and the distances,theyd be way off.你刚刚画的那张的上面,你会发现你所画的街道 和距离,它们与实际都相差甚远。05:16No,what youve just drawn is more like a diagram or aschematic.这不是错误,你刚所画的05:25Its a visual construct of lines,dots,letters,designed in thelanguage of our brains.它是由线条、点和字母组成的虚拟建构,是以我们头脑语言设计的05:31So its no b

24、ig surprise that the big information design icon ofthe last century,the pinnacle of showing everybody how to所以,这就没什么让人大吃一惊的:上世纪的信息设计杰作,伦敦地铁线路地图（1931）不是由地图绘制员或城市规划师设计的。05:38the last century,the pinnacle of showing everybody how toget from A to B,the London Underground map,was notdesigned by a cartogr

25、apher or a city planner.绘制员或城市规划师设计的。05:38grab:vt.攫取;霸占;将深深吸引/vi.攫取;夺取/n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物 napkin:n.餐巾;餐巾纸;尿布 awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的 resemble:vt.类似,像 schematic:adj.图解的;概要的/n.原理图;图解视图 pinnacle:n.高峰;小尖塔;尖峰;极点/vt.造小尖塔;置于尖顶上;置于高处 cartographer:n.制图师;地图制作者 planner:n.计划者,规划师It was designed by an engineer

26、ing draftsman.05:56In the 1930s,Harry Beck applied the principles of schematicdiagram design,and changed the way public transport mapsare designed forever.在20世纪30年代,哈里贝克应用了06:01Now the very key to the success of this map is in theomission of less important information and in the extremesimplificatio

27、n.形成极其精简的版本。06:13www.XiYuS锡育软件So straightened streets,corners of 90 and 45 degrees,butalso the extreme geographic distortion in that map.也就是直线化的街道,90度和45度的转角 还有图上那些极致的地理变形06:23If you were to look at the actual locations of these stations,youd see theyre very different.Yeah?如果要去查查这些车站的实际位置 你们会发现与图上的有

28、很大不同。对不对？06:34But this is all for the clarity of the public tube map.06:40Yeah?If you,say,wanted to get from Regents Park Stationto Great Portland Street,the tube map would tell you,takethe tube,go to Baker Street,change over,take another tube.比如说,如果你要从摄政公园站 到大波特兰街站,地铁图会告诉你 上车,到贝克街,换乘另一条地铁线06:45draf

29、tsman:n.测绘图员;起草者;立案者 Beck:n.招手;点头;(英)小河 omission:n.疏忽,遗漏;省略;冗长 simplification:n.简单化;单纯化 straightened:v.校直;使正确;转入直路(straighten的过去分词)geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的distortion:n.变形;物失真;扭曲;曲解 clarity:n.清楚，明晰；透明/Regent:n.摄政王;摄政者;州立大学董事会董事;统治者/adj.摄政的;统治的Of course,what you dont know is that the two stations areon

30、ly about a hundred meters apart.仅仅距离一百来米06:56Now weve reached the subject of public transport,andpublic transport here in Dublin is a somewhat touchysubject.(Laughter)都柏林这里的公共交通 可是一个敏感话题（笑声）07:03For everybody who does not know the public transport herein Dublin,essentially we have this system of loc

31、al buses thatgrew with the city.For every outskirt that was added,therewas another bus route added running from the outskirt allthe way to the city center,and as these local buses approachthe city center,对于不了解都柏林公共交通的人们来说,根本上我们拥有的是随着城市一同发展的 就会多增加一条公交线路 连接这个郊区和市中心07:13they all run side by side,and co

32、nverge in pretty much onemain street.他们一辆挨着一辆,拥挤地行驶在 主街上07:34So when I stepped off the boat 12 years ago,I tried to makesense of that,because exploring a city on foot only gets youso far.07:40But when you explore a foreign and new public transportsystem,you will build a cognitive map in your mind in

33、 prettymuch the same way.你会在脑中形成一幅认知地图07:52touchy:adj.过敏的;易生气的;难以取悦的 outskirt:n.郊区,市郊 side by side:并肩;一起;并排 converge:vt.使汇聚/vi.聚集;靠拢;收敛 stepped:v.踏;行走(step的过去式和过去分词)Typically,you choose yourself a rapid transport route,and inyour mind this route is perceived as a straight line,and like apearl neckla

34、ce,all the stations and stops are nicely andneatly aligned along the line,都在同一条线上整齐排列08:03and only then you start to discover some local bus routesthat would fill in the gaps and that allow you for thosewormhole,inter-dimensional portal shortcuts.然后你才开始去找那些区间车 填补车站之间的空白08:19So I tried to make sense,

35、and when I arrived,I was looking forsome information leaflets that would help me crack thissystem and understand it,and I found those brochures.(Laughter)让我能分解这个系统并理解它08:33They were not geographically distorted.它们没有进行地理上的扭曲08:49They were having a lot of omission of information,butunfortunately the w

36、rong information,say,in the city center.省略了很多信息08:52There were never actually any lines that showed the routes.09:01neatly:adv.整洁地；熟练地；灵巧地 aligned:adj.对齐的;均衡的/v.结盟(align的过去式);使成一直线 fill in:填写;填充;替代gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式)/v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式)shortcuts:n.捷径(shortcut的复数);快捷方式;快捷键 leaflets:传单 brochu

37、res:n.印刷图情小册子(brochure的复数)geographically:adv.在地理上;地理学上distorted:adj.歪曲的;受到曲解的/v.扭曲(distort的过去式和过去分词)There are actually not even any stations with names.09:06Now the maps of Dublin transport,have gotten better,andafter I finished the project,they got a good bit better,butstill no station names,still

38、no routes.在我完成我的项目之后,它们改善了一些09:11So,being naive,and being half-German,I decided,Aris,whydont you build your own map?所以,作为半个天真的德国人,我决定“阿里斯,你为什么不自己弄张地图？”09:26So thats what I did.I researched how each and every busroute moved through the city,nice and logical,every busroute a separate line,and I plotte

39、d it into my own map ofDublin,and in the city center,于是,我调查了 城市里每一条巴士线路是怎样的 把每一条巴士线路分别画出来,工整又符合逻辑 在市中心09:34I got a nice spaghetti plate.(Laughter)Now this is a bit of amess,so I decided,of course,youre going to apply the rulesof schematic design,cleaning up the corridors,widening thestreets我画了个漂亮的意面

40、盘子（笑声）应用原理图设计的原则 去掉杂物,加宽街道09:50where there were loads of buses,and making the streets atstraight,90-degree corners,45-degree corners,or fractionsof that,and filled it in with the bus routes.And I built this citycenter bus map of the system,how it was five years ago.画上一排排的巴士线路 把街道线拉直,转角画成90度、45度,或成比例

41、的角度 画上巴士路线。这是我10:06naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的 researched:v.研究;调查(research的过去分词)/adj.研究过的;调查过的 spaghetti:n.意大利式细面条 a bit of a:一点,有点,有些;相当后接名词,常指不愉快的人或事 corridors:n.廊道,建走廊(corridor的复数形式)widening:v.使扩大;拓宽;扩展(widen的ing形式);使变宽 loads:n.电负载,电负荷(load的复数);货载量/v.负担;装货(load的第三人称单数)fractions:n.数分数;小部分,片段(fraction的复数)Ill

42、 zoom in again so that you get the full impact of the quaysand Westmoreland Street.(Laughter)I can proudly say,as apublic transport map,this diagram is an utter failure?(Laughter)?except probably in one aspect:我可以自豪地说,作为一张公交图 这张图是个彻头彻尾的失败（笑声）只除了一点好处10:24I now had a great visual representation of jus

43、t how cloggedup and overrun the city center really was.10:51Now call me old-fashioned,right,but I think a publictransport route map should have lines,because thats whatthey are.Yeah?10:58Theyre little pieces of string that wrap their way through thecity center,or through the city.11:06If you will,th

44、e Greek guy inside of me feels,if I dont get aline,its like entering the Labyrinth of the Minotaur withouthaving Ariadne giving you the string to find your way.我体内的那半个希腊人觉得,如果没有线条,进入牛头怪的迷宫,却没有带线团。11:13So the outcome of my academic research,loads ofquestionnaires,case studies,and looking at a lot of

45、maps,was that a lot of the problems and shortcomings of thepublic transport system here in Dublin was the lack of acoherent public transport map-a simplified,coherentpublic transport map-所以我的学术研究、缺少一张条理清楚的公交图一张简化的、条理清晰的地图11:24quays:水运码头 proudly:adv.傲慢地,自负地;得意洋洋地 overrun:n.泛滥成灾;超出限度/vt.泛滥;超过;蹂躏/vi.泛滥

46、;蔓延old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的 wrap:vt.包;缠绕;隐藏;掩护/vi.包起来;缠绕;穿外衣/n.外套;围巾 Labyrinth:n.迷宫;解剖迷路;难解的事物 questionnaires:n.问卷,调查表(questionnaire的复数形式)shortcomings:毛病 coherent:adj.连贯的，一致的；明了的；清晰的；凝聚性的；互相耦合的；粘在一起的because I think this is the crucial step to understanding apublic transport network on a physica

47、l level,but its also thecrucial step to make a public transport network mappable ona visual level.来从物理层面理解公共交通网络 也是至关重要的一步11:45So I teamed up with a gentleman called James Leahy,a civilengineer and a recent Masters graduate of the SustainableDevelopment Program at DIT,and together we drafted thissim

48、plified model network which I could then go ahead andvisualize.他是一名土木工程师,也是都柏林理工学院 可持续发展硕士项目最近的毕业生 我们共同起草了这个简化的网络模型11:58So heres what we did.这是成果12:16We distributed these rapid transport corridors throughoutthe city center,and extended them into the outskirts.覆盖了整个市中心区域,并延伸到郊区12:18Rapid,because we w

49、anted them to be served by rapidtransport vehicles,yeah?叫它们“快速”,因为我们希望它们12:28They would get exclusive road use,where possible,and it12:34They would get exclusive road use,where possible,and itwould be high-quantity,high-quality transport.James wanted to use bus rapid transport for that,rather thanli

50、ght rail.For me,it was important that the vehicles thatwould run on those rapid transport corridors would bevisibly distinguishable from local buses on the street.而非轻轨。而我认为重要的是12:40teamed up with:与合作,与协作 Sustainable:adj.可以忍受的；足可支撑的；养得起的；可持续的 DIT:n.小孔沙眼;摩尔斯讯号的短音 drafted:v.设计;挑选;拉开(draft的过去分词)visualiz