BillStone_2007[比尔斯通][探索世界最深洞穴].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件First place Id like to take you is what many believe will bethe worlds deepest natural abyss.我要带大家去的第一个地方 是一个天然的深渊，许多人相信它将会被证明为世界最深之渊。00:12And I say believe because this process is still ongoing.我说相信是因为这个探索过程还未结束。00:17Right now there are major expeditions being planned fornext year that

2、 Ill talk a little bit about.明年有几个很大的探险活动正在策划中 关于这个我会做些介绍00:20One of the things thats changed here,in the last 150 yearssince Jules Verne had great science-fiction concepts of whatthe underworld was like,is that technology has enabled usto go to these places that were previously completelyunknown an

3、d speculated about.现在,变化之一是 自从儒勒?凡尔纳 在科幻小说里描绘了地底世界的样子后,在过去的150年里，科技已使我们能够到达一些地方 这些地方是我们先前完全不知且不能想象的。00:26We can now descend thousands of meters into the Earth withrelative impunity.而我们现在能相对安全得深入地球几千米。00:42Along the way weve discovered fantastic abysses andchambers so large that you can see for hundr

4、eds of meterswithout a break in the line of sight.沿途我们发现了奇异的深渊和岩洞。那些岩洞大得异乎寻常，一眼望去能看到几百米。00:47When you go on a thing like this,we can usually be in thefield for anywhere from two to four months,with a team of assmall as 20 or 30,to as big as 150.当我们到了这样的岩洞时，我们经常会在那 待二至四个月，我们的队伍规模小时二三十人，大时有一百五十人。00:58

5、abyss:n.深渊;深邃,无底洞,地狱 expeditions:n.探险(expedition的复数);远征 concepts:n.概念,观念;思想(concept复数形式)underworld:n.黑社会;地狱;下层社会;尘世 speculated:vi.推测;投机;思索/vt.推断 descend:vi.下降;下去;下来;遗传;屈尊/vt.下去;沿向下 impunity:n.不受惩罚;无患;法免罚 chambers:n.内庭(chamber的复数)And a lot of people ask me,you know,what kind of peopledo you get for a

6、 project like this?许多人问我 你们选什么样的人参加这样的项目？01:07And while our selection process is not as rigorous as NASA,its nonetheless thorough.我们的筛选过程 不是像NASA(美国航空航天局)那么严格，但它又是周详的。01:13were looking for competence,discipline,endurance,andstrength.我们寻找的是有能力胜任此工作，能严格约束自己，耐力长久而且体力充沛的人。01:19In case youre wondering,th

7、is is our strength test.如果你想知道的话，这是我们的体能测试。01:24(Laughter)But we also value esprit de corps and the abilityto diplomatically resolve inter-personal conflict while undergreat stress in remote locations.（笑）但我们也重视团队精神 和善于解决人际矛盾的能力。这些能力，在人们身处僻壤01:26We have already gone far beyond the limits of humanendu

8、rance.压力巨大到远远超过人类耐力极限的时候尤其重要。01:40From the entrance,this is nothing like a commercial cave.从洞口看，这绝不像个商业旅游的山洞。01:44Youre looking at Camp Two in a place called J2,not K2,butJ2.你看到的是二号营地，它搭在J2,不是K2(世界第二高峰）,而是J2.01:48Were roughly two days from the entrance at that point.在那里我们大约距出口两天路程。01:52And its kind

9、of like a high altitude mountaineering trip inreverse,except that youre now running a string of thesethings down.它就像一场反方向的高海拔登山之旅，不同的是你用绳子往下走01:56rigorous:adj.严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的 competence:n.能力，胜任；权限；作证能力；足以过舒适生活的收入esprit:n.(法)精神,才智;机敏 diplomatically:adv.在外交上;靠外交途径;圆滑地;婉转地 mountaineering:n.登山;登山运动;爬山/v

10、.登山(mountaineer的ing形式)The idea is to try to provide some measure of physicalcomfort while youre down there,otherwise in damp,moist,cold conditions in utterly dark places.这是让人们在这种地下环境中稍微觉得舒服些 要不然周围就是完全潮湿，寒冷而且漆黑的地方了。02:02I should mention that everything youre seeing here,by theway,is artificially illu

11、minated at great effort.我应该提一下，你在这儿看着的每一件东西 都是费了很大劲儿人为照亮的。02:12Otherwise it is completely dark in these places.否则，在这些地方全都是黑的。02:18The deeper you go,the more you run into a conflict with你越深入，就越要费力气抵抗地下水问题。02:20TED演讲者：Bill Stone|比尔?斯通演讲标题：Journey to the center of the Earth.and beyond!|探索世界最深洞穴内容概要：Eng

12、ineer and daredevil caver Bill Stone pushes the frontier-through floodedtunnels,the remotest depths of the Earth and the limits of human endurance.Next up,he.splanning to mine moon ice by 2015 and build an autonomous robot to visit the icebound sea ofJupiter.s moon Europa.比尔?斯通是一位非比寻常的探险家，他曾探究过地球最深的

13、深渊。他要讨论他为寻找太空飞行新能源而开采月球冰层的努力，并想要开发一个自动机器人以研究木卫二号行星。The deeper you go,the more you run into a conflict withwater.02:20Its basically like a tree collecting water coming down.它基本上就像是一棵向下吸水的树。02:25And eventually you get to places where it is formidable anddangerous and unfortunately slides just dont do

14、justice.最终你会到达了一个可怕的危险的地方 不幸的是这些幻灯片并不能充分显示（这些地方有多么可怕）。02:29So Ive got a very brief clip here that was taken in the late1980s.所以我找了一个1980年代末拍的小短片。02:36So descend into Huautla Plateau in Mexico.这是在墨西哥瓦乌拉特高原。02:41(Video)Now I have to tell you that the techniques beingshown here are obsolete and dangero

15、us.（视频）现在我要提醒你们这里所用的技术 已经过时而且危险。02:44moist:adj.潮湿的；多雨的；含泪的/n.潮湿 utterly:adv.完全地;绝对地;全然地;彻底地,十足地 artificially:adv.人工地;人为地;不自然地 illuminated:adj.被照明的/v.照明;启发;兴奋(illuminate的过去分词)run into:遭遇,陷入;撞上,撞到;偶然遇见formidable:adj.强大的；可怕的；令人敬畏的；艰难的 Plateau:n.高原/n.地名肯尼亚,美国普拉托/n.(活动或进程中的)稳定阶段,停滞时期/adj.高原印第安人的 obsolete

16、:adj.废弃的;老式的/n.废词;陈腐的人/vt.淘汰;废弃We would not do this today unless we were doing it for film.现今除非是为了拍电影，否则我们不会这样做。02:53(Laughter)Along that same line,I have to tell you that withthe spate of Hollywood movies that came out last year,wehave never seen monsters underground-at least the kindthat eat you.（

17、笑声）同样地，我还要说 我们在底下从未见过象去年新出的大量好莱坞电影中的怪兽，至少没见到吃人的怪兽。02:57If there is a monster underground,it is the crushingpsychological remoteness that begins to hit every memberof the team once you cross about three days inbound fromthe nearest entrance.如果有地下怪兽，那一定是心中的能致命的孤寂一旦你从最近的洞口深入三天，这种孤寂感就开始侵袭队中的成员03:12Next

18、year Ill be leading an international team to J2.明年我要带领一支国际队伍去J2.03:26Were going to be shooting from minus 2,600 meters-thats a little over 8,600 feet down-at 30 kilometers fromthe entrance.我们要从地下2600米处 大约8600多英尺之下-开始拍摄。那个地方离洞口30千米处。03:30The lead crews will be underground for pushing 30 daysstraight.

19、先头部队将会在地下向前不停地推进30天。03:37I dont think theres been a mission like that in a long time.我想已经很久没有象这样的探险活动了。03:41Eventually,if you keep going down in these things,probability says that youre going to run into a place likethis.最后，如果你一直向下深入这些洞穴，概率上说你很可能进入一个03:44spate:n.洪水;一阵;大雨;突然迸发 crushing:adj.压倒的;决定性的;不

20、能站起来;支离破碎的/v.压破,征服,冲入(crush的过去式和过去分词形式)psychological:adj.心理的；心理学的；精神上的 inbound:adj.入境的;归本国的;回内地的/n.入站Its a place where theres a fold in the geologic stratum thatcollects water and fills to the roof.有褶皱的 充满水的地方03:49And when you used to find these things,they would put alabel on a map that said termin

21、al siphon.当以前找这些地方时 人们会在地图上标注其为吸管终端。03:55Now I remember that term really well for two reasons.这个词我记得很清楚。因为有两个原因04:01Number one,its the name of my rock band,and second,isbecause the confrontation of these things forced me tobecome an inventor.第一，它是我摇滚乐队的名字，第二，是因为这些地方的挑战 迫使我变成了一个发明者。04:03And weve sinc

22、e gone on to develop many generations ofgadgets for exploring places like this.而且从那以后，我们研发了好几代 许多用于探索类似地方的小仪器。04:11This is some life-support equipment closed-cycle-and youcan use that now to go for many kilometers horizontallyunderwater and to depths of 200 meters straight downunderwater.这是某种闭合的维持生命

23、的仪器 你现在可以用它在水下水平前行几千米 其应用范围深至水下200米处。04:17When you do this kind of stuff,its like doing EVA,its likedoing extra-vehicular activity in space,but at much greaterdistances,and at much greater physical peril.当你在水下行走时，感觉有点儿像EVA(太空行走)，像是进行太空行走，但是要走的更远，冒的风险也更大。04:27geologic:adj.地质的;地质学上的 stratum:n.(组织的)层;地

24、质地层;社会阶层 siphon:n.虹吸管/vi.通过虹吸管/vt.用虹吸管吸出;抽取 confrontation:n.对抗;面对;对质 gadgets:n.小配件;小工具(gadget的复数)life-support:adj.保障生命的,维持生命的 horizontally:adv.水平地;地平地 underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的/adv.在水下/n.水下 peril:n.危险;冒险/vt.危及;置于险境So it makes you think about how to design your equipmentfor long range away from a safe

25、 haven.这让你想办法如何设计你的器械 使它安全地走得更远。04:37Heres a clip from a National Geographic movie that cameout in 1999.这是国家地理电影1999年拍的 一些片段04:42(Video)Narrator:Exploration is a physical process of puttingyour foot in places where humans have never stepped before.（视频）旁白：探索是一个物理过程 它让你涉足人类从未涉及的地方。04:46This is where t

26、he last little nugget of totally unknownterritory remains on this planet.这是地球上完全不为人知的最后一点儿金地。04:52To experience it is a privilege.只有极少的人能够亲历。04:57Bill Stone:That was taken in Wakulla Springs,Florida.比尔?斯通：那电影取景于佛罗里达的瓦库拉泉。05:04Couple of things to note about that movie:every piece ofequipment that you

27、 saw in there did not exist before 1999.这部电影有几件事值得注意：你所见的每种设备1999年前都不存在。05:08It was developed within a two-year period and used onactual exploratory projects.它们是在两年内发明的，并且用于实际探索项目。05:14This gadget you see right here was called the digital wallmapper-and it produced the first three-dimensional mapany

28、body has ever done of a cave,and it happened to beunderwater in Wakulla Springs.你们在这里见到的这个是电子墙体测绘仪-它制出了世界上第一个山洞的三维地图，那是在瓦库拉泉水下05:19Geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的 stepped:v.踏;行走(step的过去式和过去分词)nugget:n.天然金块,矿块;珍闻,珍品exploratory:adj.勘探的;探究的;考察的 gadget:n.小玩意;小器具;小配件;诡计 mapper:n.映射;制图人;字体映射程序three-dimensional:ad

29、j.三维的;立体的;真实的www.XiYuS锡育软件It was that gadget that serendipitously opened a door toanother unexplored world.正是这小仪器不经意地开启了 通往另一个世界的门。05:29This is Europa.这是木卫二。05:34Carolyn Porco mentioned another one called Enceladus theother day.卡罗琳?波科尔前几天提到另一个叫做恩克拉多斯的行星。05:38This is one of the places where planetary

30、 scientists believethere is a highest probability of the detection of the first lifeoff earth in the ocean that exists below there.研究行星的科学家 相信那里是最有可能探索到 有地球之外的初级生命的地方之一，生命就存在在恩克拉多斯行星的大洋之下。05:42For those who have never seen this story,Jim Cameronproduced a really wonderful IMAX movie couple of yearsa

31、go,called Aliens of the Deep.对于那些从未看过这个故事的人来说，几年前吉姆?卡梅隆（泰坦尼克，阿凡达导演）拍出过精彩的IMAX(巨幕)电影 名叫深海异形05:51There was a brief clip-这是片中的一个小片段-05:58(Video)Narrator:A mission to explore under the ice ofEuropa would be the ultimate robotic challenge.（视频）旁白：探索木卫二冰底的任务 将会成为机器人的终极挑战。06:02Europa is so far away that eve

32、n at the speed of light,it wouldtake more than an hour for the command just to reach thevehicle.木卫二很远，即使用光速 指令到达飞行器也要花一个多小时。06:10It has to be smart enough to avoid terrain hazards,and tofind a good landing site on the ice.必须非常聪明才能避免各种冒险 找到一个好的冰面降落06:20unexplored:adj.地质未勘查过的 the other day:不久前某一天;几天以前

33、 planetary:adj.行星的 robotic:adj.机器人的,像机器人的;自动的/n.机器人学 terrain:n.地理地形,地势;领域;地带 hazards:n.危害;安全危险;障碍(hazard的复数)/v.使冒危险;赌(hazard的三单形式)Now we have to get through the ice.现在我们还得穿过冰层。06:35You need a melt probe.需要一个融化器。06:38Its basically a nuclear-heated torpedo.它基本上就是一个核能加热鱼雷。06:40The ice could be anywhere

34、 from three to 16 miles deep.冰层可能有3至16英里(5 到 26 公里）深。06:53Week after week,the melt probe will sink of its own weightthrough the ancient ice,until finally.一周接一周，融化探头靠着自身重量下沉 穿过远古的冰层，直至最后06:57Now,what are you going to do when you reach the surface ofthat ocean?当你到达洋面你将要做什么？07:09You need an AUV,an auto

35、nomous underwater vehicle.你需要个AUV，一个自行式水下航行器。07:15It needs to be one smart puppy,able to navigate and makedecisions on its own in an alien ocean.它必须很聪明，能够自己导航 在陌生的外星球的大洋里能够自己做决定。07:20BS:What Jim didnt know when he released that movie wasthat six months earlier NASA had funded a team Iassembled to de

36、velop a prototype for the Europa AUV.比尔?斯通：吉姆公映这部电影时并不知道 六个月前NASA(美国宇航局)已拨款给我集合的一个团队去研发木卫二自行式水下航行器的原型。07:27I mean,I cut through three years of engineering meetings,design and system integration,and introduced DEPTHX-我花了三年的工程会议，设计 和系统整合，设计了DEPTHX-07:37probe:n.探针;调查/vi.调查;探测/vt.探查;用探针探测 torpedo:n.鱼雷;水

37、雷;油井爆破筒;电鳐;职业杀手/vt.破坏;用鱼雷袭击autonomous:adj.自治的；自主的；自发的 puppy:n.小狗,幼犬 navigate:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于/vi.航行,航空funded:adj.提供资金的/v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息(fund的过去式)assembled:v.装配(assemble的过去分词);集合/adj.组合的;安装的 integration:n.集成;综合Deep Phreatic Thermal Explorer.深水热源探索仪。07:45And as the movie says,this is one smart pupp

38、y.就像电影描述的，这是一个灵敏的小东西07:47Its got 96 sensors,36 onboard computers,100,000 lines ofbehavioral autonomy code,packs more than 10 kilos ofTNT in electrical onboard equivalent.它有96个传感器，36台车携式电脑 十万条自主行为指令，携带着十多公斤的炸药。07:50This is the target site,the worlds deepest hydrothermalspring at Cenote Zacaton in nor

39、thern Mexico.这是目的地，墨西哥北部萨卡通石灰岩洞的世界最深温泉。08:03Its been explored to a depth of 292 meters and beyond thatnobody knows anything.有人曾经探索到292米深处。再深就没人知道是什么样了。08:10This is part of DEPTHXs mission.探索它是深水热源探测仪的任务之一。08:16Theres two primary targets were doing here.我们有两个正在研究的主要方向。08:18One is,how do you do scienc

40、e autonomy underground?一个是如何在地下自动地做科学实验？08:20How do you take a robot and turn it into a fieldmicrobiologist?如何将机器人变成野外工作的生物学家？08:22Thermal:adj.热的;热量的;保热的/n.上升的热气流 sensors:n.自传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数)onboard:adv.在船上;在飞机上;在板上/adj.随车携带的 behavioral:adj.行为的 autonomy:n.自治，自治权 packs:n.包裹;生存集群;资料袋(pack的复数)/v.包

41、装包装;塞满(pack的第三人称单数形式)kilos:n.公斤;千克 equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的/n.等价物,相等物 hydrothermal:adj.地质热液的;热水的 Cenote:n.天然井 microbiologist:n.微生物学家Theres more stages involved here than Ive got time to tellyou about,but basically we drive through the space,wepopulate it with environmental variables-sulphide,hali

42、de,things like that.这个有更多的步骤 可惜我没有足够的时间细述，但是基本上我们操纵机器人 穿过这个空间，我们让它探测环境变量-硫化物，卤化物，这样的东西。08:26We calculate gradient surfaces,and drive the bot over to awall where theres a high probability of life.我们计算倾斜的表面，操纵机器人爬上墙体 那里很有可能存在生命。08:36We move along the wall,in whats called proximityoperations,looking fo

43、r changes in color.我们沿墙移动，这就是所谓的近距离操做 寻找颜色的变化。08:41If we see something that looks interesting,we pull it into amicroscope.如果我们遇到什么有趣的东西，我们把它放到显微镜下。08:45If it passes the microscopic test,we go for a collection.如果它通过了显微镜测试，我们就收集样本。08:48We either draw in a liquid sample,or we can actually take asolid c

44、ore from the wall.我们收集液体样本，或者我们从墙体上直接采集固体岩芯标本。08:52No hands at the wheel.这一过程无需人来遥控08:57stages:n.计阶段(stage的复数);舞台;戏剧表演/v.计划;表演;分阶段进行(stage的三单形式)populate:vt.居住于;构成人口;移民于;殖民于 variables:n.数变量 sulphide:n.硫化物 halide:adj.卤化物的/n.卤化物 gradient:n.数物梯度;坡度;倾斜度/adj.倾斜的;步行的 surfaces:n.表面;曲面(surface的复数)/v.使成平面(sur

45、face的第三人称单数形式)bot:n.马蝇幼虫,马蝇 proximity:n.接近，数邻近；接近；接近度，距离；亲近 microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的 draw in:引诱;进站;接近黄昏;紧缩开支 at the wheel:在驾驶;掌舵;指挥This is all behavioral autonomy here thats being conductedby the robot on its own.这全都由机器人 自己执行。08:58The real hat trick for this vehicle,though,is a disruptive newnavi

46、gation system weve developed,known as 3D SLAM,forsimultaneous localization and mapping.这台机器最大的创新 是一种我们研发的与众不同的导航系统，被称作3D SLAM,用于同时定位和画图。09:03DEPTHX is an all-seeing eyeball.深水热源探测仪是一种全视角眼球。09:12Its sensor beams look both forward and backward at thesame time,allowing it to do new exploration while it

47、s stillachieving geometric sensor-lock on what its gone throughalready.它的感应光源可以同时向前向后，允许它做新的探索 同时它能将感应到的它所经过的地方地 几何图形锁定。09:14What Im going to show you next is the first fullyautonomous robotic exploration underground thats everbeen done.我接下来要给你展示的 是有史以来第一个 全自动地下探索机器人09:24This May,were going to go fr

48、om minus 1,000 meters inZacaton,and if were very lucky,DEPTHX will bring back thefirst robotically-discovered division of bacteria.今年五月，我们准备从扎卡顿地下一千米处出发，如果我们幸运，深水热源探测仪将会带回第一个机器人独立发现的细菌切片。10:22conducted:v.管理(conduct的过去分词);引导;指挥 disruptive:adj.破坏的;分裂性的;制造混乱的 simultaneous:adj.同时的；联立的；同时发生的/n.同时译员 local

49、ization:n.计定位;局限;地方化 mapping:v.绘图;筹划(map的ing形式)/n.地图;绘图;数映像 eyeball:n.眼球;眼珠子/vt.盯住看;仔细对打量/vi.仔细打量;盯着 sensor:n.传感器 beams:建梁geometric:adj.几何学的;数几何学图形的 bacteria:n.微细菌The next step after that is to test it in Antartica,and then ifthe funding continues and NASA has the resolution to go,wecould potentiall

50、y launch by 2016,and by 2019 we may havethe first evidence of life off this planet.那之后的第二步是在南极洲对它做测试，然后 如果资金许可，并且美国宇航局有决心，我们可能在2016年前开始实施（探索外星）计划，在2019年 我们有可能得到证明地球外的生命存在第一个证据，10:31What then of manned space exploration?那载人的空间探索呢？10:45The government recently announced plans to return to the美国政府最近宣布了2