BartKnols_2012X[巴特.诺尔斯][消灭蚊子_终结疟疾].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件(Mosquito buzzing)（蚊子叫）00:12(Swat)Gotcha.（拍打）打着了！00:22Mosquitos.I hate them.我恨死蚊子了00:28Dont you?你们也一样吧00:31That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears thatdrives you absolutely crazy?夜晚那恼人的蚊子叫萦绕耳边 真是让人崩溃00:33Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin andsuck out your b

2、lood?Thats awful,right?想象蚊子向你的皮肤里打进一根针 吸走你的血真是太恶心了！00:39In fact,theres only one good thing I can think of when it getsto mosquitos.事实上,关于蚊子我只能想到 一点还能说得过去00:45When they fly into our bedroom at night,they prefer to bitemy wife.就是它们晚上飞进我们的卧室 比较喜欢咬我太太00:51But thats fascinating,right?这其中大有玄机00:56Why does

3、 she receive more bites than I do?为什么她比我招蚊子咬？00:58And the answer is smell,the smell of her body.答案是体味01:02And since we all smell different and produce chemicals onour skin that either attract or repel mosquitos,some of us arejust more attractive than others.我们的气味各不相同,皮肤制造不同的化学物质 有些吸引蚊子,有些则排斥蚊子 有些人确实

4、比较招蚊子01:06Gotcha:int.明白了(等于gotyou)Mosquitos:n.蚊子(mosquito的变形)buzzing:adj.嗡嗡响的;嘈杂的/n.嗡嗡声;嘈杂声/v.发出嗡嗡声;东奔西忙;暗中散布(buzz的ing形式)fly into:v.突发 smell of:有的气味;闻出的味道 repel:vt.击退;抵制;使厌恶;使不愉快So my wife smells nicer than I do,or I just stink more than shedoes.所以说我太太比我好闻 或者说我比她臭01:17Either way,mosquitos find us in

5、 the dark by sniffing us out.They smell us.不管怎么样,蚊子在黑暗中通过嗅觉找人 它们闻得出我们01:23And during my Ph.D,I wanted to know exactly whatchemicals from our skin mosquitos used,African malarialmosquitos use to track us down at night.读博士的时候,我想搞清楚 蚊子通过我们皮肤上的哪种化学物质来挑人 在夜晚,那些非洲疟蚊如何在黑暗中跟踪我们01:29And theres a whole range

6、of compounds that they do use.它们使用一整组物质01:39And this was not going to be an easy task.这个任务可不容易完成01:42And therefore,we set up various experiments.于是我们设计了各种实验01:45Why did we set up these experiments?我们为什么设计这些实验？01:48Because half the worlds population runs the risk ofcontracting a killer disease like m

7、alaria through a simplemosquito bite.因为世界人口的一半面临着 身患致命疾病疟疾的风险 而关键是消除蚊子叮咬01:51Every 30 seconds,somewhere on this planet,a child dies ofmalaria,and Paul Levy this morning,he was talking aboutthe metaphor of the 727 crashing into the United States.每30秒,世界上的某个角落 就有一个孩子死于疟疾。今天早上 保罗.莱维谈到了美国波音727飞机坠毁事故的隐喻0

8、2:00in the dark:在黑暗中;不知道;秘密地 sniffing:n.嗅探/v.嗅闻;用鼻吸气;发觉;嗤之以鼻地说(sniff的ing形式)malarial:adj.患疟疾的;毒气的 compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式)contracting:adj.缔约的;承包的;收缩的malaria:n.内科疟疾;瘴气 mosquito:n.蚊子 Levy:n.征收；征兵，征税/vt.征收(税等)；征集(兵等)/vi.征税；征兵/metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法Well,in Africa,we have the equivalent of sev

9、en jumbo 747scrashing every day.而在非洲,(疟疾导致的)死亡相当于7架大型747客机 每天坠毁02:10But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitos to traps,bait itwith our smell,we may be able to stop transmission ofdisease.也许,如果我们能把蚊子引入陷阱 用我们的体味作为诱饵,也许就能够 阻止疾病传播02:19Now solving this puzzle was not an easy thing,because weproduce h

10、undreds of different chemicals on the skin,but weundertook some remarkable experiments that managed usto resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed.解决这个问题可要花不少工夫 因为我们的皮肤制造上百种不同的化学物质 但我们完成了一些了不起的实验 帮助我们迅速厘清了解开难题的关键02:27First,we observed that not all mosquito species bite on thesame part of the body.Stra

11、nge.首先,我们观察到不是所有的蚊子 都叮咬人类身体的同一个部位。这挺奇怪02:39So we set up an experiment whereby we put a nakedvolunteer in a large cage,and in that cage we released我们设计了一个实验 我们让一名全身赤裸的志愿者戴在一个大笼子里 然后放进蚊子 看看这些蚊子叮咬哪些身体部位02:46TED演讲者：Bart Knols|巴特.诺尔斯演讲标题：|消灭蚊子，终结疟疾内容概要：Bart Knols is a doctor committed to killing mosquito

12、es and ending malaria.我们能用蚊子的本能来消灭它。在TEDx马斯特里赫特，讲者巴特.诺尔斯展示了他的团队正在开发的几种充满了想象力的对抗疟疾的方案包括林堡奶酪和一种致命毒药。（于TEDx马斯特里赫特拍摄）volunteer in a large cage,and in that cage we releasedmosquitos to see where they were biting on the body of thatperson.叮咬哪些身体部位02:46And we found some remarkable differences.我们发现了显著的差异02:

13、58On the left here you see the bites by the Dutch malarialmosquito on this person.你们看到左边图片上的这些咬痕 是被荷兰疟蚊叮咬的03:01equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的/n.等价物,相等物 jumbo:adj.巨大的;特大的/n.庞然大物;巨型喷气式飞机;体大而笨拙的人或物 bait:vt.引诱;在中放诱饵;折磨/n.饵;诱饵/vi.中途休息 undertook:v.承担(undertake的过去式);着手做observed:adj.观察的;观测的/v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe

14、的过去分词形式)whereby:adv.凭借；通过；借以；与一致They had a very strong preference for biting on the face.咬痕明显集中于面部03:06In contrast,the African malarial mosquito had a very strongpreference for biting the ankles and feet of this person,andthat of course we should have known all along而相反的,非洲疟蚊 却喜欢咬脚踝和脚 当然,（这可能是因为）众所周

15、知03:09because theyre called mosqui-toes,you see?(Laughter)Thats right.(Applause)And so we started focusing on thesmell of feet,on the smell of human feet,蚊子被叫做“mosqui-toes”（蚊子的英文单词结尾toes是脚趾的意思）（笑声）这太对了（掌声）于是我们集中研究脚上的气味 研究人类脚上的气味03:20until we came across a remarkable statement in the literaturethat s

16、aid that cheese smells after feet rather than the reverse.Think of it.我们在论文中得出了一个惊人的结论 奶酪不如脚丫子味道重 可别搞反了。想想看吧。03:35And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment.这启发了我们去做另外一项重要的实验03:46We tried,with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese,whichsmells badly after feet,to attract African malaria mo

17、squitos.我们试着用一小块林堡奶酪 它有一种近似脚臭的臭味 来吸引非洲疟蚊03:48And you know what?It worked.你们知道吗？竟然有效！03:58In fact,it worked so well that now we have a syntheticmixture of the aroma of Limburger cheese that were using inTanzania and has been shown there to be two to three timesmore attractive to mosquitos than humans

18、.事实上,它的功效让我们开发出一种 林堡奶酪气味的人工混合物,在坦桑尼亚使用 事实证明它对于蚊子,较之人类,有两到三倍的吸引力04:00all along:自始至终,一直 triggered:adj.触发的;起动的;有扳机的/v.引起;引爆(trigger的过去分词);扣的扳机 synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的/n.合成物 aroma:n.芳香Limburg,be proud of your cheese,as it is now used in thefight against malaria.林堡,自豪吧 你们的奶酪可是抗击疟疾的利器04:16(Applause)That

19、s the cheese,just to show you.（掌声）这就是我提到的奶酪04:23My second story is remarkable as well.我的第二个故事同样精彩04:33Its about mans best friend.Its about dogs.是关于人类最好的朋友狗狗们04:36And I will show you how we can use dogs in the fight againstmalaria.我会向你们展示 如何用狗来对付疟疾04:40One of the best ways of killing mosquitos is not

20、 to wait untilthey fly around like adults and bite people and transmitdisease.杀死蚊子的最好办法 可不是等到成虫飞到我们身边 叮咬人类传播疾病的时候04:44Its to kill them when theyre still in the water as larvae.而是在它们还是水中的幼虫时候04:53Why?Because they are just like the CIA.为什么？因为它们就像CIA04:57In that pool of water,these larvae are concentra

21、ted.在水塘里,幼虫集中在一起05:02Theyre all together there.They are immobile.全部固守在一个地方05:06They cant escape from that water.They cant fly.它们不能逃离那片水塘,它们还不会飞翔05:09And theyre accessible.You can actually walk up to that pooland you can kill them there,right?它们容易接触。你可以走到池塘边 把它们全杀光。是不是？05:12as it is:实际上;事实上;既然如此 figh

22、t against:v.对抗;反对;与作斗争 concentrated:adj.集中的;浓缩的;全神贯注的/v.集中(concentrate的过去分词)immobile:adj.固定的;稳定的;不变的So the problem that we face with this is that,throughout thelandscape,all these pools of water with the larvae,they arescattered all over the place,我们于是遇到的问题是 漫山遍野的水塘充斥着幼虫 它们到处都是05:20which makes it ve

23、ry hard for an inspector like this to actuallyfind all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides.这让杀虫员 很难找到所有的据点来喷洒杀虫剂05:30www.XiYuS锡育软件And last year we thought very,very hard,how can we resolvethis problem?Until we realized that just like us,we have aunique smell,that mosquito larvae al

24、so have a very uniquesmell.去年,我们绞尽脑汁 来找解决之道。直到我们意识到 就像人类有独特的气味一样 蚊子幼虫也有独特的气味05:36And so we set up another crazy experiment,because wecollected the smell of these larvae,put it on pieces of cloth,and then did something very remarkable.我们开始着手另外一项大胆的实验 我们收集蚊子幼虫的气味 弄到布料上,然后做出一项壮举05:50Here we have a bar

25、with four holes,and we put the smell ofthese larvae in the left hole.这根横木上有四个洞 我们把沾有幼虫气味的布料放在最左边的洞里面05:59Ooh,that was very quick.哦,这段放的有点快06:04And then you see the dog.Its called Tweed.Its a bordercollie.你们看到这只狗,他叫粗花呢,是一只边境牧羊犬06:05face with:面对;面临 scattered:adj.分散的;散乱的 breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生/v.生产;培育;

26、使繁殖(breed的ing形式)insecticides:n.农药杀虫剂(insecticide的复数)Tweed:n.花呢;花呢服装 collie:n.柯利牧羊狗(原产苏格兰)Hes examining these holes,and now hes got it already.他在检查这些洞,他已经闻出来了06:07Hes going back to check the control holes again,but hescoming back to the first one,and now hes locking into thatsmell,which means that no

27、w we can use dogs with theseinspectors to much better find the breeding sites ofmosquitos in the field,and therefore have a much biggerimpact on malaria.他回来又检查了一遍控制洞 但又回到第一个洞 锁定了这个气味 这意味着我们可以使用狗 来帮助杀虫员更好地找到 这片田野里蚊子的繁殖区 更好地去打击疟疾06:10This lady is Ellen van der Zweep.Shes one of the best dog-trainers i

28、n the world,and she believes that we can do a lotmore.这位女士名叫艾伦.冯.德.兹威普。她是世界一流的训狗师 她认为我们能做的还远远不止这些06:27Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasitessmell different compared to people that are uninfected,shes convinced that we can train dogs to find people thatcarry the parasite.由于我们也知道疟

29、疾寄生虫的携带者 与没有感染的人有不同的气味 她相信我们也可以通过训练狗来找到这些携带者06:33That means that in a population where malaria has gonedown all the way,and theres few people remaining withparasites,that the dogs can find these people,we can treatthem with anti-malarial drugs,and give the final blow tomalaria.这就意味着在一个疟疾基本得到控制的人群中 只

30、有很少的人是携带者 而狗能找到这些人 我们可以使用抗疟疾药物为他们治疗,彻底终结疟疾06:46examining:adj.审查的;考试的/v.检查;审讯;进行考试(examine的ing形式)inspectors:n.经管检查员,巡视员(inspector的复数形式);检查器 parasites:n.基医寄生虫;生物寄生生物(parasite的复数)uninfected:未感染 parasite:n.寄生虫;食客Mans best friend in the fight against malaria.狗也是人类抗击疟疾的最好朋友06:58My third story is perhaps e

31、ven more remarkable,and,Ishould say,has never been shown to the public until today.我的第三个故事也许更有意义 而且我得说今天是我第一次对公众讲述这个故事07:01Yeah.是的07:09Its a crazy story,but I believe its perhaps the best andultimate revenge against mosquitos ever.这很疯狂,但我相信这也许是最好的 向蚊子复仇的终极武器07:11In fact,people have told me that now

32、they will enjoy beingbitten by mosquitos.事实上,有人告诉我他们现在居然 享受被蚊子叮咬07:18And the question of course is,what would make someoneenjoy being bitten by mosquitos?这里的疑问当然是,是什么让人们享受蚊子叮咬？07:24And the answer I have right here in my pocket,if I get it.答案是 我口袋里就有 我有这个07:29Its a tablet,a simple tablet,and when I t

33、ake it with water,itdoes miracles.这是一个药片,很简单的一个药片 当我用水服下 它能产生奇迹07:37Thank you.谢谢你07:48(Drinking)Now let me show you how this works.（喝水）让我告诉你们它有什么效果07:52Here in this box I have a cage with several hundred hungryfemale mosquitos that Im just about to release.(Laughter)在这个盒子里有一个笼子 关着好几百只 饥饿的雌蚊子 我即将释放它们

34、（笑声）08:00Just kidding,just kidding.开玩笑,我只是在开玩笑08:16What Im going to show you is Im gonna stick my arm into itand I will show you how quickly they will bite.我要把胳膊伸进去 向你们展示它们咬过来有多迅速08:19tablet:n.碑;药片;写字板;小块Here we go.开始了！08:25Dont worry,I do this all the time in the lab.别慌,我在实验室里一直这么做08:27There we go.

35、Okay.好了,开始。08:30Now,on the video,on the video here,Im going to show youexactly the same thing,except that what Im showing you onthe video happened one hour after I took the tablet.现在我放的这个录像 会向你们展示同样的情景 唯一的不同是拍这段录像时 我已经服药一个小时了08:34Have a look.That doesnt work.Okay.Sorry about that.看看吧。放错了好。不好意思。08:46

36、Im sticking in my arm,Im giving them a big juicy bloodmeal,Im shaking them off,and we follow them throughtime to see these mosquitos get very,very sick indeed,hereshown in fast motion,and three hours later what we see atthe bottom of the cage is dead mosquitos,我把胳膊放进去,我给了它们一顿大餐 我把它们晃走,然后跟踪拍摄 它们变得非常非

37、常虚弱 用快进来放 三个小时后我们再来看笼子的底部 全是死蚊子08:51very dead mosquitos,and Im going to say,ladies andgentlemen,we have swapped the cards with mosquitos.而且死透了。我要说,女士们先生们 我们反败为胜了09:08They dont kill us.We kill them.它们杀不了我们。我们能杀死它们。09:14(Applause)Maastricht,be prepared.（鼓掌）马斯特里赫特,准备好了！09:18Now think of what we can do

38、with this.让我们想想我们能做到什么09:35We can actually use this to contain outbreaks of mosquito-born diseases,of epidemics,right?我们可以用这种药来控制 蚊子传播的瘟疫,对不对？09:37shaking:n.震动,震惊;挥动,摇动/v.握手(shake的ing形式);摇动;颤动 outbreaks:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作/vi.爆发epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫And better still,imagine what would happ

39、en if,in a verylarge area,everyone would take these drugs,this drug,forjust three weeks.更进一步,想象一下这种情形 在一个广大地区,人人都吃了这种药 吃上三个礼拜09:42That would give us an opportunity to actually eliminatemalaria as a disease.这就是个大好机会来真正消灭 这个地区的疟疾09:50So cheese,dogs and a pill to kill mosquitos.用奶酪、狗、和药片来灭蚊09:54*Warning:本文是由生成导出，请用于个人学习，不要用于商业用途。否则，导致的一切法律后果，均由您个人承担，锡育软件概不负责。*