DimitarSasselov_2010G[迪米塔.塞萨洛夫][我们如何找到大量类地行星].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Thank you.(Applause)Well,indeed,Im very,very lucky.谢谢。是的,我非常的幸运1098100My talk essentially got written by three historic events thathappened within days of each other in the last two months-seemingly unrelated,but as you will see,actually all havingto do with the story I want to tell you

2、 today.我的演讲实际上是由 三个历史性的事件构成的 这三个事件各自相隔不过几天时间 都是在过去的两个月内发生的 看上去它们毫无关联,但是你将看到事实上他们都与 我今天要讲的故事有所关联00:15The first one was actually a funeral-to be more precise,areburial.第一个事件事实上是一个葬礼 更准确的说,是一个二次葬礼00:30On May 22nd,there was a heros reburial in Frombork,Poland of the 16th-century astronomer who actuallyc

3、hanged the world.5月22日,在波兰的Frombork 一个伟人得到了重葬他是16世纪的天文学家 他改变了这个世界00:35He did that,literally,by replacing the Earth with the Sun inthe center of the Solar System,and then with this simple-looking act,he actually launched a scientific andtechnological revolution,which many call the CopernicanRevolutio

4、n.是的,他的确改变了世界 他让太阳取代了地球的地位 让太阳成为太阳系的中心 通过这个看上去简单的改变 他启动了一个 科学技术的革命 很多人称之为哥白尼革命00:45Now that was,ironically,and very befittingly,the way wefound his grave.这场革命 帮助我们 找到了他的坟墓01:02As it was the custom of the time,Copernicus was actuallysimply buried in an unmarked grave,together with 14others in that ca

5、thedral.按照当时的风俗 哥白尼事实上 只是与其他14人一起 简单的合葬在了位于大教堂的 一座没有任何标记的坟墓之中01:09written by:由所写 unrelated:adj.无关的,不相干的 astronomer:n.天文学家 Solar System:天太阳系 ironically:adv.讽刺地；说反话地 unmarked:adj.无记号的;未被注意的 cathedral:n.大教堂DNA analysis,one of the hallmarks of the scientificrevolution of the last 400 years that he start

6、ed,was the waywe found which set of bones actually belonged to the personwho read all those astronomical books which were filled withleftover hair that was Copernicus hair-obviously not manyother people bothered to read these books later on.DNA分析 作为一个在这场由他发起的 至今已有400年的科技革命 的关键性标志 帮助我们指出 哪一副骸骨 属于哥白尼

7、在哥白尼阅读过的天文学书籍里 夹杂了很多脱落的头发 这些头发被证实是哥白尼本人的 显然,在他之后也没有人 会去碰这些书了。01:21That match was unambiguous.这些鉴定结果都是十分明确的01:47The DNA matched,and we know that this was indeedNicolaus Copernicus.DNA的匹配也十分吻合 所以我们能确定 这就是尼古拉斯哥白尼本人01:49Now,the connection between biology and DNA and life isvery tantalizing when you talk

8、 about Copernicus because,even back then,his followers very quickly made the logicalstep to ask:if the Earth is just a planet,then what aboutplanets around other stars?当你谈论哥白尼时 生物学和DNA 以及生命之间又有什么联系呢？因为就算在当时 他的同伴 也能很快意识到在逻辑上我们所要面临 的下一个问题是:如果地球只是太阳的一个行星 那么其他恒星的行星呢？01:55What about the idea of the plura

9、lity of the worlds,about lifeon other planets?也许存在有很多个我们这样的世界 也许在其他行星上也存在生命02:15hallmarks:印记 astronomical:adj.天文的,天文学的;极大的 leftover:n.残留物;吃剩的饭菜;剩余物/adj.残余的;吃剩的bothered:adj.烦(恼)的;感到讨厌的 later on:adv.后来;稍后;过些时候 unambiguous:adj.不含糊的;清楚的;明白的tantalizing:adj.撩人的;逗引性的;干着急的/v.惹弄;逗弄人(tantalize的ing形式)plurality

10、:n.多数;复数;兼职;胜出票数In fact,Im borrowing here from one of those very popularbooks of the time.事实上,我也只是借用了 当时非常流行的一本书上的观点02:19And at the time,people actually answered that questionpositively:Yes.在当时 人们对于这些问题的回答 是肯定的02:23But there was no evidence.但当时的人们没有证据02:29And here begins 400 years of frustration,of

11、unfulfilleddreams-the dreams of Galileo,Giordano Bruno,manyothers-which never led to the answer of those very basicquestions which humanity has asked all the time.这是一个持续了400年的 而未得到实现的梦想 伽利略,布鲁诺 以及其他许多追寻这个梦想的人 都没有能够得到答案 一些最基本的问题 一直困惑着人类02:32What is life?What is the origin of life?什么是生命？生命如何起源？02:49Ar

12、e we alone?我们是否是唯一的？02:51TED演讲者：Dimitar Sasselov|迪米塔.塞萨洛夫演讲标题：Dimitar Sasselov:How we found hundreds of potential Earth-like planets|我们如何找到大量类地行星内容概要：Dimitar Sasselov works on uniting the physical and life sciences in the hunt foranswers to the question of how life began.天文学家Dimetar Sasselov和他的同事从事着

13、类地行星的搜寻工作，也许有一天，他们将解答这个历史悠久的问题，在地球之外（以及在地球上），生命如何起源与生存?我们已经找到了多少个行星?大约几百个。And that especially happened in the last 10 years,at the endof the 20th century,when the beautiful developments due tomolecular biology,understanding the code of life,DNA,allof that seemed to actually put us,not closer,but fur

14、therapart from answering those basic questions.在过去的十年间,这些问题显得尤为突出 在20世纪末 由于分子生物学的进展 我们对于生命的密码DNA的理解 取得了非常令人振奋的进步 但是所有这些似乎 并没有让我们获得 以上那些基本问题的答案 反而让我们更加疑惑02:53Now,the good news.但是,在过去的几年中03:13A lot has happened in the last few years,and lets start withthe planets.我们却得到了不少的好消息 让我们从行星开始讲03:15positively:

15、adv.肯定地;明确地;断然地 frustration:n.挫折 unfulfilled:adj.未得到满足的;没有成就感的 molecular:adj.化学分子的;由分子组成的 apart from:除之外;且不说;并且Lets start with the old Copernican question:Are there earthsaround other stars?从哥白尼的经典问题开始:其他恒星是否有行星绕转03:19And as we already heard,there is a way in which we aretrying,and now able,to answe

16、r that question.我们已经了解了 通过不断地尝试 人类已经能够 解答这些问题03:25Its a new telescope.这是一架新的望远镜03:33Our team,befittingly I think,named it after one of thosedreamers of the Copernican time,Johannes Kepler,and thattelescopes sole purpose is to go out,find the planets thatorbit other stars in our galaxy,我们团队 以哥白尼时代 众多

17、探索者之一的名字为它命名 约翰尼斯 开普勒 这架望远镜的唯一目标是在更遥远的地方 搜寻环绕其他恒星 的行星03:35and tell us how often do planets like our own Earth happento be out there.告诉我们,类似地球的行星 在整个星系中出现的概率如何03:51The telescope is actually built similarly to the,well-known toyou,Hubble Space Telescope,except it does have anadditional lens-a wide-fie

18、ld lens,as you would call it as aphotographer.这架望远镜事实上 是仿照 我们熟知的哈勃空间望远镜建造的 但是它增加了一个 广角透镜 你们可以把它称作照相机03:57And if,in the next couple of months,you walk out in the earlyevening and look straight up and place you palm like this,you will actually be looking at the field of the sky where thistelescope is

19、searching for planets day and night,without anyinterruption,for the next four years.如果你在接下来的几个月 在入夜不久的时候走到室外 向你的头顶上看 然后像这样伸开手掌 你所看到的这一块天空 就是望远镜搜寻行星的地方 在接下来的四年内 它将昼夜不停地工作04:10dreamers:n.梦想家(dreamer的复数形式);做梦的人 Johannes:n.葡萄牙18,19世纪的金币 orbit:n.轨道;眼眶;势力范围;生活常规/vi.盘旋;绕轨道运行/vt.绕轨道而行 photographer:n.摄影师;照相师

20、 interruption:n.中断;干扰;中断之事The way we do that,actually,is with a method,which we callthe transit method.我们进行搜寻 的方法叫做掩星法04:29Its actually mini-eclipses that occur when a planet passes infront of its star.当行星穿过恒星面前时 就会发生一次小规模的食现象04:34Not all of the planets will be fortuitously oriented for us tobe able

21、 do that,but if you have a million stars,youll findenough planets.当然不是所有的行星都 正好在我们的视线方向 但是如果有一百万颗恒星 你就会找到足够多的恒星04:38And as you see on this animation,what Kepler is going todetect is just the dimming of the light from the star.你在这个动画上将看到 开普勒望远镜将要探测的只是来自恒星亮度的减弱04:48We are not going to see the image of

22、 the star and the planetas this.我们看不到像这样恒星与行星的图像04:56All the stars for Kepler are just points of light.所有的恒星对于开普勒望远镜来说都只是一个亮点04:59But we learn a lot from that:not only that there is a planetthere,but we also learn its size.但是我们从中也能获得很多信息 不仅能判断出是否有行星,还能知道它的大小05:02How much of the light is being dimmed

23、 depends on how bigthe planet is.恒星的亮度减弱了多少 取决于从它面前路过的行星有多大05:07We learn about its orbit,the period of its orbit and so on.我们还能获得它的轨道的信息 例如轨道的周期等等05:12So,what have we learned?那么,我们从这些结果中又能得到些什么呢？05:16transit:n.运输;经过/vt.运送/vi.经过 fortuitously:adv.偶然地,意外地 oriented:adj.导向的;定向的;以为方向的/v.调整;使朝向(orient的过去分词

24、);确定的方位 animation:n.活泼,生气;激励;卡通片绘制 dimming:n.调光;变暗/v.变暗(dim的现在分词)Well,let me try to walk you through what we actually see andso you understand the news that Im here to tell you today.让我简单的描述下 我们实际上看到了些什么 那么你们就会理解 我今天要告诉你们的东西了05:19What Kepler does is discover a lot of candidates,which wethen follow u

25、p and find as planets,confirm as planets.开普勒望远镜 发现了很多候选对象 然后我们可以从中确定出 真正的行星05:28It basically tells us this is the distribution of planets in size.首先我们能够得到 行星大小的分布05:36There are small planets,there are bigger planets,there arebig planets,okay.它们大小各异05:41So we count many,many such planets,and they hav

26、edifferent sizes.我们对大量的行星计数 它们的大小都不同05:44We do that in our solar system.我们对太阳系也进行计数05:49In fact,even back during the ancients,the Solar System inthat sense would look on a diagram like this.事实上,在古代 太阳系的行星数量 可以用这样一个图表示05:51There will be the smaller planets,and there will be the bigplanets,even back t

27、o the time of Epicurus and then of courseCopernicus and his followers.早在在伊壁鸠鲁或者 是哥白尼 及其追随者的时代人们就已经知道行星有大有小05:58Up until recently,that was the Solar System-four Earth-likeplanets with small radius,smaller than about two times thesize of the Earth-and that was of course Mercury,到现在为止,我们的太阳系 有四个半径较小的类地

28、行星 它们都小于两倍地球的大小 这就包括水星06:07candidates:n.候选人;申请者;应征人员(candidate的复数)follow up:跟踪;坚持完成;继续做某事 ancients:n.古人(ancient的复数)Mercury:n.化汞，水银/天水星/温度表/精神，元气Venus,Mars,and of course the Earth,and then the two big,giant planets.金星,火星 这个显然是地球 然后是两个巨行星06:17Then the Copernican Revolution brought in telescopes,andof

29、course three more planets were discovered.之后哥白尼革命 给我们带来了望远镜 另外的三颗行星也就这样被发现了06:23www.XiYuS锡育软件Now the total planet number in our solar system was nine.现在太阳系中的 行星数目是九颗06:29The small planets dominated,and there was a certainharmony to that,which actually Copernicus was very happyto note,and Kepler was

30、one of the big proponents of.较小的行星占多数 哥白尼很高兴的发现 行星数量之间的关系是如此和谐 开普勒望远镜也同样支持这一观点06:33So now we have Pluto to join the numbers of small planets.现在我们把冥王星归为较小行星的那一类06:43But up until,literally,15 years ago,that was all we knewabout planets.但是严格来说,15年前 关于行星,我们知道的还只有这些而已06:46And thats what the frustration w

31、as.我们对此也很失望06:51The Copernican dream was unfulfilled.哥白尼的梦想还没有得到实现06:53Finally,15 years ago,the technology came to the pointwhere we could discover a planet around another star,andwe actually did pretty well.最终,在15年前 科技的发展终于 能够让我们看到绕转其他恒星的行星了 我们也充分的利用了各项技术来达到这个目标06:56In the next 15 years,almost 500

32、planets were discoveredorbiting other stars,with different methods.这15年里 我们通过各种方法发现了将近500颗 绕转其他恒星的行星07:06dominated:adj.占主导地位的;强势的;占统治地位的;数受控的/v.控制,支配;处于支配地位(dominate的过去式)proponents:n.支持者;建议者(proponent的复数)Pluto:n.冥王;冥王星 orbiting:v.航天轨道运行;轨道运动;转圈(orbit的ing形式)Unfortunately,as you can see,there was a ve

33、ry differentpicture.但是,你会看到 这与我们的太阳系有很大的差别07:13There was of course an explanation for it:We only see the bigplanets,so thats why most of those planets are really in thecategory of like Jupiter.对此也是有解释的 我们只能看见较大的行星 所以大多数被发现的行星 都是“类似木星”的07:18But you see,we havent gone very far.但是,我们几乎没有取得太多的进展07:27We

34、were still back where Copernicus was.我们又回到了哥白尼当时的情况07:30We didnt have any evidence whether planets like the Earthare out there.我们没有找到关于 像地球这样的行星存在的任何证据07:33And we do care about planets like the Earth because by nowwe understood that life as a chemical system really needs asmaller planet with water a

35、nd with rocks and with a lot ofcomplex chemistry to originate,to emerge,to survive.而我们关心的正是这个问题 因为我们知道 生命这样精密的化学反应系统 只能存在于较小的行星上需要有水,有岩石 需要很多复杂的化学过程 生命才得以起源,成形,以及生存下去07:37And we didnt have the evidence for that.但是我没有关于生命的任何证据07:54So today,Im here to actually give you a first glimpse of whatthe new t

36、elescope,Kepler,has been able to tell us in the lastfew weeks,and,lo and behold,we are back to the harmonyand to fulfilling the dreams of Copernicus.所以今天我将会给你展示 开普勒望远镜 在几周之前所取得的最新成果 请看,我们又得到了类似太阳系的平衡 这几乎实现了哥白尼的梦想07:57as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的 originate:vt.引起;创作/vi.发源;发生;起航 behold:vt.看;注视;把.视为/vi.

37、看/int.瞧;看呀 fulfilling:adj.令人满意的;能实现个人抱负的;令人高兴的You can see here,the small planets dominate the picture.你们可以看到 小的行星占了大多数08:12The planets which are marked like Earth,“类地”的这一类行星08:16are definitely more than any other planets that we see.比其他任何我们所看到的行星 都要多08:19And now for the first time,we can say that.这也

38、是我们首次获得这样的发现08:23There is a lot more work we need to do with this.当然,还有很多的工作等着我们完成08:25Most of these are candidates.大多数这些行星都还只是候选者08:28In the next few years we will confirm them.在接下来的几年内,我们需要确认它们08:30But the statistical result is loud and clear.但是统计的结果 是非常明确的08:32And the statistical result is that p

39、lanets like our own Earth areout there.统计的结果表明 类似我们地球的行星 确实存在着08:36Our own Milky Way Galaxy is rich in this kind of planets.我们的银河系有非常多这样的行星08:43So the question is:what do we do next?那么现在的问题是:我们接下来该做什么？08:46Well,first of all,we can study them now that we know wherethey are.当然,我们首先需要研究它们 现在我们已经了解了它们的位

40、置08:49And we can find those that we would call habitable,meaningthat they have similar conditions to the conditions that weexperience here on Earth and where a lot of complexchemistry can happen.然后我们就能找到那些所谓的“可居住”的行星这就意味着,这些星球的环境 与我们在地球上所处的环境 是类似的 在这种环境下,能够发生一系列复杂的化学反应08:54dominate:vt.控制;支配;占优势;在中占主

41、要地位/vi.占优势;处于支配地位 statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的 Milky:adj.乳白色的;牛奶的;乳状的;柔和的;混浊不清的 rich in:富有;富于 first of all:adv.首先 habitable:adj.可居住的;适于居住的So,we can even put a number to how many of those planetsnow do we expect our own Milky Way Galaxy harbors.我们甚至可以给出 银河系所包含的 类似地球的行星 的个数09:07And the number,as you might

42、 expect,is pretty staggering.这个数目,正如你们期望的 是十分惊人的09:16Its about 100 million such planets.大约有一亿颗这样的行星09:20Thats great news.Why?这是个非常令人振奋的结果09:23Because with our own little telescope,just in the next twoyears,well be able to identify at least 60 of them.因为这意味着我们小小的望远镜 在接下来的两年内 将能够分辨出至少60个类地行星09:25So th

43、ats great because then we can go and study them-remotely,of course-with all the techniques that we alreadyhave tested in the past five years.这样的话,接下来 我们就能够着手研究它们 当然,只能在地球上进行 利用我们在过去的五年内 所检验过的所有技术09:32We can find what theyre made of,would their atmosphereshave water,carbon dioxide,methane.我们能探测出它们的成分

44、 它们的大气是否有水有二氧化碳和甲烷09:42We know and expect that well see that.我们相信我们能够探测到这些09:47Thats great,but that is not the whole news.这已经非常了不起了,但这还不是全部09:51Thats not why Im here.这还不是今天我在这里进行演讲的原因09:54Why Im here is to tell you that the next step is really theexciting part.我今天站在这里,是想告诉你们我们接下来要做的绝对是令人振奋的09:57harb

45、ors:n.海港(harbor的名词复数);海湾;避难所;躲藏处 staggering:adj.蹒跚的;令人惊愕的;犹豫的/v.蹒跚(stagger的ing形式)remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地 atmospheres:n.心理气氛(atmosphere的复数形式);氛围/v.使有的氛围(atmosphere的单三形式)dioxide:n.二氧化物 methane:n.有化甲烷;能源沼气The one that this step is enabling us to do is coming next.这一步 将让我们有能力面对接下来的问题10:03And he

46、re comes biology-biology,with its basic question,which still stands unanswered,which is essentially:If there islife on other planets,do we expect it to be like life on Earth?那就是生物学 生物学方面的基本问题 仍然没有得到解决 问题就是 如果在其他行星上有生命存在 他们是否会类似于地球上的生命？10:08And let me immediately tell you here,when I say life,I dontm

47、ean dolce vita,我需要说明的是 我所说的“生命”不是指“愉快的生活”10:22good life,human life.也不是指人生10:26I really mean life on Earth,past and present,from microbesto us humans,in its rich molecular diversity,the way we nowunderstand life on Earth as being a set of molecules andchemical reactions-and we call that,collectively,

48、biochemistry,life as a chemical process,as a chemicalphenomenon.我想表达的是 在地球上过去以及现在存在的生命从微生物到我们人类 具有丰富的分子多样性 我们所理解的地球上的生命 都是一系列的分子以及化学反应的结果 准确的说,我们称之为生物化学 生命就是一个化学过程 一个化学现象10:28So the question is:is that chemical phenomenon universal,oris it something which depends on the planet?所以问题就是 这种化学现象在全宇宙都会发生,

49、还是与 所处的行星有关？10:52enabling:adj.授权的/v.使能够;授权给(enable的现在分词)unanswered:adj.未答复的;无反应的 dolce:adj.温柔的,甜美的;悦耳而柔和的/adv.甜美温柔地/n.柔和,柔美;记号 microbes:n.细菌,微微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式)diversity:n.多样性;差异 molecules:n.化学分子,微粒;化学摩尔(molecule的复数)collectively:adv.共同地,全体地 biochemistry:n.生物化学/生物化学过程Is it like gravity,which is t

50、he same everywhere in the universe,or there would be all kinds of different biochemistrieswherever we find them?是否就好像引力 在整个宇宙都适用 或者像是各种生物化学反应 因为地域得不同而改变？11:01We need to know what we are looking for when we try to dothat.当我们努力解答这些问题的时候 我们要明白我们在寻找什么11:10And thats a very basic question,which we dont kn