CharlesLimb_2010X[查尔斯.林普][大脑的即兴状态].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Thank you.(Applause)So I am a surgeon who studiescreativity,and I have never had a patient tell me that I reallywant you to be creative during surgery,谢谢大家 我是一个研究创造力的手术医生,从来没病人跟我说“我真希望你在手术时搞些创造。”976500and so I guess theres a little bit of irony to it.所以我想这也是有点讽刺的。00:21I will say though

2、that,after having done surgery a lot,itssomewhat similar to playing a musical instrument.我是说,做了那么多手术后,就跟演奏一种乐器一样。00:24And for me,this sort of deep and enduring fascination withsound is what led me to both be a surgeon and also to studythe science of sound,particularly music.对我来说,对声音的持久而深切的痴迷 引导我成为一个

3、手术医生,并研究声学,特别是音乐的。00:29And so Im going to try to talk to you over the next fewminutes about my career in terms of how Im able to actuallytry to study music and really try to grapple with all thesequestions of how the brain is able to be creative.所以我想在随后的几分钟里 我来讲一下我的职业我是怎样研究音乐 怎样研究大脑是如何进行创造等问题的。00:36

4、Ive done most of this work at Johns Hopkins University,butalso at the National Institute of Health where I waspreviously.我的大部分的工作是在約翰斯霍普金斯大学进行的,也有些是在我原先工作的国家健康研究所完成的。00:47irony:n.讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事/adj.铁的；似铁的 similar to:与相似;和相同 enduring:adj.持久的;能忍受的/v.忍耐(endure的ing形式)fascination:n.魅力;魔力;入迷 in terms of:依

5、据;按照;在方面;以措词 grapple:vi.抓住;格斗;抓斗机/vt.抓住;与格斗/n.抓住;格斗Im going to go over some science experiments and try tocover three musical experiments.我在这里给大家介绍一些科学实验 包括三个音乐实验。00:51Im going to start off by playing a video for you.我先给大家看一段录像。00:55And this video is a video of Keith Jarrett,whos a well-knownjazz im

6、proviser and probably the most well-known,iconicexample of someone who takes improvisation to a reallyhigher level.这是基思杰瑞特Keith Jarrett的一段录像,他是著名的即兴爵士作曲家,估计他也是能将即兴创造升华到非常高超境界 的最著名,最有代表性的人物。00:57And hell improvise entire concerts off the top of his head,and hell never play it exactly the same way aga

7、in,and so,asa form of intense creativity,他可以即兴表演一场音乐会 音乐就在他的大脑里即兴产生,他不会再用同样的手法演奏第二次。所以,这是一种创作强度很高的一种形势,01:05I think this is a great example.我觉得这是一个很好的例子。01:13And so why dont we go and click the video.我们为什么还不点击这视频看看。01:15(Music)Its really a remarkable,awesome thing that happensthere.(音乐)这真是很神奇,精彩的即兴音

8、乐。01:18Ive always-just as a listener,as just a fan-I listen to that,and Im just astounded.我是他的一个忠实的听众,粉丝,我听到这些会感到很震惊。02:17to go over:复习 start off:出发,开始 iconic:adj.图标的,形象的 improvisation:n.即兴创作;即席演奏 improvise:vt.即兴创作;即兴表演;临时做;临时提供/vi.即兴创作;即兴表演;临时凑合 concerts:n.音乐会;演唱会;(音)协奏曲(concert的复数);合奏(曲)awesome:ad

9、j.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的 astounded:adj.受惊骇的;被震惊的/v.使惊愕(astound的过去式和过去分词)I think-how can this possibly be?我想:这怎么可能？02:21How can the brain generate that much information,thatmuch music,spontaneously?大脑怎么可能产生这么大量的信息,同时爆发出这么多音乐？02:23And so I set out with this concept,scientifically,that artisticcreativity,

10、its magical,but its not magic,meaning that its aproduct of the brain.所以我从这个概念出发,科学地认为 艺术创作,是神奇的,但不是魔术。它是大脑的产物。02:27Theres not too many brain-dead people creating art.很少有不动脑子的人创作艺术。02:35And so with this notion that artistic creativity is in fact aneurologic product,I took this thesis that we could st

11、udy itjust like we study any other complex neurologic process.所以艺术创作的产生 事实上是神经的产物,我开始了这个研究课题 就象研究其他复杂神经过程一样。02:38And I think theres some sub-questions there that I put there.我想我提出了一些潜在的问题。02:48Is it truly possible to study creativity scientifically?我们是否能科学地研究创作力？02:50And I think thats a good questio

12、n.我觉得这是一个很好的问题。02:52And Ill tell you that most scientific studies of music,theyre我想告诉你大多数的音乐科学研究 都很高深莫测。你很难在那些研究材料中发现音乐。02:54TED演讲者：Charles Limb|查尔斯.林普演讲标题：Charles Limb:Your brain on improv|大脑的即兴状态内容概要：Charles Limb is a doctor and a musician who researches the way musical creativityworks in the brai

13、n.音乐家和研究人员查尔斯.林普Charles Limb想探索大脑在即兴表达音乐时是怎样工作的，因此他把爵士乐手和说唱歌手放到核磁共振机器上做试验找答案，他和他团队的发现对我们理解各种创造力有着深远的影响。And Ill tell you that most scientific studies of music,theyrevery dense,and when you actually go through them,its veryhard to recognize the music in it.测。你很难在那些研究材料中发现音乐。02:54spontaneously:adv.自发地;

14、自然地;不由自主地 set out:出发;开始;陈述;陈列 brain-dead:adj.不动脑子的;愚蠢的 thesis:n.论文；论点In fact,they seem to be very unmusical entirely and to missthe whole point of the music.事实上,它们完全是非音乐的 完全丧失了音乐性。03:02And so it brings the second question:Why should scientistsstudy creativity?这就带来了第二个问题:为什么科学家研究创造力？03:06Maybe were n

15、ot the right people to do it.也许我们不是解答这问题的合适人选。03:10Well it may be,but I will say that,from a scientificperspective-we talked a lot about innovation today-thescience of innovation,how much we understand about howthe brain is able to innovate is in its infancy,and truly,weknow very little about how we

16、 are able to be creative.也可能是,但是我要说的是,从科学的观点出发 我们今天谈论了很多有关发明创造的话题-科学发明,我们对大脑是如何创造的了解 才刚起步。其实,我们对我们是怎样创造的知之甚少。03:12And so I think that were going to see over the next 10,20,30 years a real science of creativity thats burgeoning and isgoing to flourish.所以我们会在 今后的10,20,30年间看见 一个真正现实的科学创造力会从兴起走向繁荣。03:27

17、Because we now have new methods that can enable us totake this process of something like this,complex jazzimprovisation,and study it rigorously.我们现在有了新的手法帮助我们 将向这样的一个过程过渡,一个复杂的即兴爵士乐创造的过程,并严格地分析研究它。03:34unmusical:adj.不合调的;非音乐的;演奏音乐不熟练的 innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法 innovate:vi.创新;改革;革新/vt.改变;创立;创始;引人 infanc

18、y:n.初期;婴儿期;幼年 see over:检查;察看 burgeoning:adj.增长迅速的;生机勃勃的/v.成长(burgeon的ing形式);迅速发展 rigorously:adv.严厉地;残酷地And so it gets down to the brain.所以说到大脑,03:40And so all of us have this remarkable brain,which is poorlyunderstood to say the least.我们所有的人都有一个非凡的大脑,至少现在来说,我们对它的了解是非常有限的。03:42I think that neuroscien

19、tists have many more questions thananswers,and I myself,Im not going to give you manyanswers today,just ask a lot of questions.我想神经学家 的问题比答案要多。而我今天也没办法给你很多答案,只能提出很多问题。03:47And fundamentally thats what I do in my lab.这也是基本上我在实验室做的事情。03:55I ask questions about what is this brain doing to enable us tod

20、o this.我追问到底大脑做了什么使得我们能做这些事情。03:57This is the main method that I use.This is called functionalMRI.这是我用的主要方法,这是功能性的核磁共振成像。03:59If youve been in an MRI scanner,its very much the same,but this one is outfitted in a special way to not just takepictures of your brain,but to also take pictures of activear

21、eas of the brain.如果你用过核磁共振成像扫描仪,它们是一样的,但是这个有特殊的配备 所以它不只是给你的大脑拍照,而且给大脑活跃的区域拍照。04:02Now the way thats done is by the following.整个完成的过程如下,04:12Theres something called BOLD imaging,which is BloodOxygen Level Dependent imaging.这是叫做BOLD成像,它代表血液氧气水平成像。04:14Now when youre in an fMRI scanner,youre in a big m

22、agnetthats aligning your molecules in certain areas.现在如果你在功能性核磁共振扫描仪中,你在一个大磁场里 这是和你的一些特别区域的分子对应。04:18functional:adj.功能的 scanner:n.计扫描仪;扫描器;光电子扫描装置 aligning:n.校准/v.调整(align的现在分词形式);使成一行 molecules:n.化学分子,微粒;化学摩尔(molecule的复数)When an area of the brain is active,meaning a neural area isactive,it gets blo

23、od flow shunted to that area.当大脑活跃时,也就是神经区域活跃时,血液会往那个区域流动。04:24That blood flow causes an increase in local blood to that areawith a deoxyhemoglobin change in concentration.血液流动会导致那个 区域的血液增加 导致脱氧血红蛋白的浓度发生变化。04:30Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI,whereasoxyhemoglobin cant.核磁共振扫描仪可以探测脱氧血红蛋白,但不能探测氧

24、合血红蛋白。04:37So through this method of inference-and were measuringblood flow,not neural activity-we say that an area of thebrain thats getting more blood was active during aparticular task,and thats the crux of how fMRI works.所以用这种手法来推理 我们测量血液的流动,不是神经的活动。我们可以说大脑的某个部分得到了更多的血液,这个部分在人做某些事情时特别活跃。这就是功能磁共振

25、成像的关键。04:41And its been used since the 90s to study really complexprocesses.这从90年代就被使用 用来研究复杂的过程。04:51Now Im going to review a study that I did,which was jazz inan fMRI scanner.现在我来介绍我做的一个研究 是关于爵士的功能磁共振成像。04:56And this was done with a colleague of mine,Alan Braun,atthe NIH.这是我和我的同事阿兰布朗Alan Braun一起在国

26、家健康研究所做的。05:00This is a short video of how we did this project.这是我们如果做这个实验的一段录像。05:02(Video)Charles Limb:This is a plastic MIDI piano keyboardthat we use for the jazz experiments.(录像)查尔斯林普Charles Limb:这是一个塑料的MIDI琴键键盘 我们用它来做爵士实验。05:05neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的 shunted:adj.分流的/v.使移开(shunt的过去式)detec

27、ted:adj.检测到的/v.发现(detect的过去分词);检测到;侦测到 crux:n.关键;难题;十字架形,坩埚 MIDI:n.迷笛;中长裙;旗袍裙And its a 35-key keyboard that is designed to fit both insidethe scanner,be magnetically safe,have minimal interferencethat would contribute to any artifact它有35个键 是为了可以在扫描仪中使用而设计的,它保证磁控安全,并将可能造成影响的人为干扰 减到最小,05:09www.XiYuS锡育

28、软件and have this cushion so that it can rest on the players legswhile theyre lying down in the scanner,playing on theirback.这个垫子可以放在演奏者的腿上,他们在扫描仪中,他们是躺着弹琴的。05:19And it works like this-this doesnt actually produce anysound.这是像这样工作的,它并不产生声音。05:25It sends out whats called a MIDI signal-or a MusicalInstr

29、ument Digital Interface-through these wires into thebox and then the computer,which then trigger high-qualitypiano samples like this.它传递所谓的MIDI信号 也称为乐器数字界面,通过这个电线传到盒子和计算机中,然后产生了象这样高质量钢琴声。05:28(Music)(音乐)05:38(Music)CL:Okay,so it works.(音乐)CL:好的,它是这样工作的。05:44And so through this piano keyboard,we now

30、have the meansto take a musical process and study it.所以通过钢琴的琴键,我们可以有办法记录音乐的过程来进行研究。06:08So what do you do now that you have this cool pianokeyboard?所以你有了这个很酷的钢琴琴键后干什么呢？06:12You cant just sort of-Its great weve got this keyboard.你不能说:“太好了,我们有了键盘了。”06:15minimal:adj.最低的；最小限度的 contribute to:有助于;捐献 artif

31、act:n.人工制品;手工艺品 rest on:停留在;依靠;被搁在;信赖We actually have to come up with a scientific experiment.我们得想出真正的科学实验。06:17And so the experiment really rests on the following:Whathappens in the brain during something thats memorizedand over-learned,and what happens in the brain duringsomething that is spontane

32、ously generated,or improvised,in a way thats matched motorically and in terms of lower-level sensory motor features?实验其实是由以下的内容组成的。大脑在人们靠记忆演奏熟知的音乐时是怎样反应的？大脑在演奏者自发和即兴创作 时又是如何反应的？从某个角度来说这与肌肉运动相匹配 并符合低级感知运动的特征吗？06:19And so,I have here what we call the paradigms.我这里有一段范例。06:35Theres a scale paradigm,whi

33、ch is just playing a scale up anddown,memorized.这是一段音阶范例,只需要跟了音阶上下,记住就行。06:38And then theres improvising on a scale-quarter notes,metronome,right hand-scientifically very safe,butmusically really boring.而这是对这段音阶的即兴发挥,4分音符,节拍器和右手,科学上来说很妥当,但是从音乐上来说很单调。06:41come up with:提出;想出;赶上 rests:v.其他 memorized:记住

34、(memorize的过去式和过去分词)generated:adj.生成的;发生的/v.(使)产生(generate的过去分词)improvised:adj.即兴的;临时准备的/v.即兴创作;临时做,临时提供(improvise的过去分词)in a way:在某种程度上;有点儿;十分激动 sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的 paradigms:n.范例,模范(paradigm的复数形式)paradigm:n.范例;词形变化表 up and down:上上下下;到处;前前后后;来来往往 improvising:vt.即兴创作;即兴表演;临时做;临时提供/vi.即兴创作;即兴表演;临

35、时凑合 metronome:n.节拍器 musically:adv.音乐上地;声音好听地And then theres the bottom one,which is called the jazzparadigm.底下的这个,叫做爵士范例。06:49And so what we did was we brought professional jazz playersto the NIH,and we had them memorize this piece of musicon the left,the lower-left-which is what you heard meplaying

36、-and then we had them improvise to the sameexact chord changes.我们把专业的爵士乐演奏者请到国家健康研究中心,我们让他们记住左边的这段音乐,左下 就是你听到我弹的这段,然后我们让他们用同样的和音来即兴发挥。06:51And if you can hit that lower-right sound icon,thats anexample of what was recorded in the scanner.如果你能按右下角的按钮,这就是扫描仪录下的例子。07:01(Music)So in the end,its not the

37、most natural environment,but theyre able to play real music.(音乐)说到底,这并不是最自然的环境,但是他们能弹奏真的音乐。07:05And Ive listened to that solo 200 times,and I still like it.我已经听了这段独奏200遍了,我还是喜欢它。07:37And the musicians,they were comfortable in the end.音乐家们最后也感到挺舒适。07:41And so we first measured the number of notes.我们首

38、先测量音符数量。07:43Were they in fact just playing a lot more notes when theywere improvising?他们在即兴创作时会演奏很多音符吗？07:45That was not what was going on.结果不是这样。07:47And then we looked at the brain activity.然后我们查看了大脑的活动。07:49chord:n.弦;和弦 in the end:终于,最后 solo:n.独奏;独唱;独奏曲/adj.独奏的;独唱的;单独的/vt.单人攀登;单独驾/vi.单独表演;放单飞/ad

39、v.单独地Im going to try to condense this for you.我来把这个给你们压缩在一起。07:51These are contrast maps that are showing subtractionsbetween what changes when youre improvising versus whenyoure doing something memorized.这些对比图展示了大脑在 在你做即兴创作时 和你在做熟记的事情时的不同。07:53In red is an area that active in the prefrontal cortex,

40、thefrontal lobe of the brain,and in blue is this area that wasdeactivated.左前头叶外皮的一个活跃地区呈红色,这是在大脑的前叶。蓝色的地区是不活跃地区。08:00And so we had this focal area called the medial prefrontalcortex that went way up in activity.所以我们看到这个前额皮质一侧是一个焦点 活跃程度很高。08:06We had this broad patch of area called the lateral prefro

41、ntalcortex that went way down in activity,and Ill summarize thatfor you here.我们可以看到这前额皮质的这一侧一大块 活跃程度很低,我在这里为你们总结一下。08:10Now these are multifunctional areas of the brain.这是大脑的多功能区域。08:16As I like to say,these are not the jazz areas of the brain.像我说的那样,这不是大脑的爵士部分。08:18condense:vi.浓缩;凝结/vt.使浓缩;使压缩 subt

42、ractions:n.数减法;减少;差集 versus:prep.对；与.相对；对抗prefrontal:adj.解剖前额的;额叶前部的/n.解剖额前骨 cortex:n.解剖皮质;树皮;果皮 frontal:adj.额的;正面的,前面的/n.额骨,额部;房屋的正面 lobe:n.(脑,肺等的)叶;裂片;耳垂;波瓣 deactivated:adj.无效的/v.使失效;去活化;释放(deactivate的过去式和过去分词)focal:adj.焦点的,在焦点上的;灶的,病灶的 medial:adj.中间的;平均的;普通的/n.语中间字母 lateral:adj.侧面的,横向的/n.侧部;语边音/v

43、t.横向传球 multifunctional:adj.多功能的They do a whole host of things that have to do with self-reflection,introspection,working memory and so forth.它们担当了很多的事情 包括自省,内省,工作记忆等。08:21Really,consciousness is seated in the frontal lobe.人的意识其实是处于大脑前叶。08:27But we have this combination of an area thats thought to be

44、involved in self-monitoring,turning off,and this area thatsthought to be autobiographical,or self-expressive,turningon.但是我们发现这些联系在一起的 主管自我控制的区域关闭了,而这个代表自传 自我表达的区域活跃起来。08:30And we think,at least in this preliminary-its one study;itsprobably wrong,but its one study-we think that at least areasonable h

45、ypothesis is that,to be creative,you have tohave this weird dissociation in your frontal lobe.所以我们想,至少初步是这么想,这只是一个研究,可能是错误的。但是这是一个研究成果。我想至少是一个合理的解说 就是,要有创造力,你需要跟你的大脑前叶达成这种奇怪的分离。08:39One area turns on,and a big area shuts off,so that youre notinhibited,so that youre willing to make mistakes,so thatyo

46、ure not constantly shutting down all of these newgenerative impulses.一个区域打开了,一个大的区域关闭了,因此你会感到不受局限的,你愿意犯错,而不是老是去停止尝试 所有新创造的冲动。08:52have to do with:与有关 self-reflection:n.反省 introspection:n.内省;反省 consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉self-monitoring:n.自我监控/adj.自我监控的 autobiographical:adj.自传的;自传体的;自传作家的 preliminary

47、:n.准备；预赛；初步措施/adj.初步的；开始的；预备的 hypothesis:n.假设 dissociation:n.分解,分离;分裂 inhibited:adj.抑制的;禁止的;羞怯的/v.抑制;控制(inhibit的过去分词)generative:adj.生殖的;生产的;有生殖力的;有生产力的 impulses:n.心理冲动;电子脉冲(impulse的复数)/v.推动(impulse的第三人称单数);推进Now a lot of people know that music is not always a soloactivity-sometimes its done communic

48、atively.很多人都知道音乐不总是一个单独的活动,有的时候它是通过沟通合作完成的。09:02And so the next question was:What happens when musiciansare trading back and forth,something called tradingfours,所以下面的一个问题是:当音乐家们互相弹奏音乐时大脑是怎样活动的呢？有种手法叫四小节交换,09:07which is something they do normally in a jazz experiment?这是种在爵士乐中常用的方法吗？09:13So this is a

49、twelve-bar blues.这是一个12小节的爵士。09:15And Ive broken it down into four-bar groups here,so youwould know how you would trade.这里我把它分成四小节一组,所以你知道怎么切换。09:17Now what we did was we brought a musician into thescanner-same way-had them memorize this melody andthen had another musician out in the control room tr

50、adingback and forth interactively.我们用同样的办法把一个音乐人安排到扫描仪中,让他记住这段旋律 然后让另一个演奏者在控制室跟他前后交互演奏。09:21So this is a musician,Mike Pope,one of the worlds bestbassists and a fantastic piano player.这是那个音乐家,迈克蒲柏Mike Pope,世界上最好的贝斯手,一个奇妙的钢琴手。09:30So hes now playing the piece that we just saw just a littlebetter than