DavidCamarillo_2016X[大卫卡马里奥][为什么头盔竟无法防止脑震荡发生 -- 怎么可能].pdf

《DavidCamarillo_2016X[大卫卡马里奥][为什么头盔竟无法防止脑震荡发生 -- 怎么可能].pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《DavidCamarillo_2016X[大卫卡马里奥][为什么头盔竟无法防止脑震荡发生 -- 怎么可能].pdf（7页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、www.XiYuS锡育软件The word concussion evokes a fear these days more so thanit ever has,and I know this personally.现在听到脑震荡这词比起以往更加恐惧,这是我个人感受。00:12I played 10 years of football,was struck in the headthousands of times.我打美式足球已经有十年了,头部被击中数千次。00:19And I have to tell you,though,what was much worse thanthat was

2、 a pair of bike accidents I had where I sufferedconcussions,and Im still dealing with the effects of the mostrecent one today as I stand in front of you.不过我想告诉你,比起这事还有更糟的 就是被两架单车撞致脑震荡,这件事近期仍然影响我日常生活幸好今日我可如常站在你们面前。00:24There is a fear around concussion that does have someevidence behind it.对于脑震荡仍然围绕着

3、恐惧 因为背后确实有些证据。00:39There is information that a repeated history of concussioncan lead to early dementia,such as Alzheimers,and chronictraumatic encephalopathy.还有一些资讯重复显示脑震荡的历史 可能会导致早期老年痴呆症,例如:阿尔茨海默氏症,以及慢性创伤性脑病。00:45That was the subject of the Will Smith movie Concussion.由威尔?史密斯主演的震荡效应是一部2015年美式足球传记剧

4、情片,就是今日的主题。00:54And so everybody is caught up in football and what they seein the military,but you may not know that bike riding is theleading cause of concussion for kids,sports-relatedconcussion,that is.电影中讲述每个人都要了解美式足球就好像在军中所看到平凡事一样,可能你未必知道 对于儿童来说踏单车是引致脑震荡的主要原因,那么,运动与脑震荡是有关连。00:58concussion:n.冲击;

5、震荡;脑震荡 evokes:vt.引起,唤起;博得 concussions:n.冲击;震荡;脑震荡 stand in:定位替身;代演员站位 lead to:导致;通向 dementia:n.内科痴呆 Alzheimer:n.阿尔茨海默病,老年痴呆症 chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的 traumatic:adj.外伤的;创伤的/n.外伤药 encephalopathy:n.内科脑病 military:adj.军事的；军人的；适于战争的/n.军队；军人And so another thing that I should tell you that you may notknow i

6、s that the helmets that are worn in bicycling andfootball and many activities,theyre not designed or testedfor how well they can protect your children againstconcussion.还有另一件事我应该告诉你 可能你未必知道 踏单车也好,踢美式足球也好都必须配戴头盔 还有其他户外运动亦需要配戴,由于现时的运动头盔并没有仔细设计或进行测试 故此难易保护儿童防止脑震荡发生。01:11Theyre in fact designed and test

7、ed for their ability toprotect against skull fracture.实际上在设计及测试方面 应要有预防及保护头骨骨折能力。01:26And so I get this question all the time from parents,and theyask me,Would you let your own child play football?所以每时每刻我都从家长那儿得到这个问题,他们问我,你会让你的孩子踢美式足球吗？01:31Or,Should I let my child play soccer?又或者会问,我应该让我的孩子踢美式足球吗？0

8、1:41And I think that as a field,were a long way from giving ananswer with any kind of confidence there.作为一个前美式足球员,当中要找到答案的确还有很长的路要走。01:44So I look at that question from a bit of a different lens,and Iwant to know,how can we prevent concussion?稍为从不同的角度去看这条问题,我们应如何预防脑震荡？01:53Is that even possible?真的有可

9、能吗？02:00And most experts think that its not,but the work that weredoing in my lab is starting to reveal more of the detailsaround concussion so that we can have a betterunderstanding.大多数专家认为这是不可能的,不过在这项研究已经在我的实验室进行中 我会开始披露更多与脑震荡有关的细节 让我们有更好的理解。02:02helmets:n.头盔,盔甲(helmet复数形式)worn:adj.疲倦的;用旧的/v.穿;磨损(

10、wear的过去分词);佩戴 bicycling:n.骑车/v.骑自行车(bicycling的现在分词)protect against:使免受 fracture:n.破裂,断裂;外科骨折/vi.破裂;折断/vt.使破裂 a bit of a:一点,有点,有些;相当后接名词,常指不愉快的人或事The reason were able to prevent skull fracture with helmetsis because its pretty simple.We know how it works.我们之所以配戴头盔主要用来预防头骨破裂 就是这么简单。我们明明知道头盔的作用。02:15Co

11、ncussion has been much more of a mystery.可惜脑震荡仍然充满着谜团。02:21So to give you a sense of what might be happening in a你会觉得脑震荡没可能发生的,我想在这里放影少少片段 你亦可以键入到谷歌,键入什么是脑震TED演讲者：David Camarillo|大卫卡马里奥演讲标题：Why helmets dont prevent concussions-and what might|为什么头盔竟无法防止脑震荡发生-怎么可能内容概要：What is a concussion?Probably not

12、 what you think it is.In this talk from the cuttingedge of research,bioengineer(and former football player)David Camarillo shows what reallyhappens during a concussion-and why standard sports helmets dont prevent it.Heres whatthe future of concussion prevention looks like.什么是脑震荡？也许不是你了解的一回事。大卫卡马里奥-生

13、物工程师（前美式足球运动员）在这次研究过程中，显示了脑震荡到底是如何发生-为什么一个标准运动头盔竟无法阻止事情发生。以下可以看到将来应怎样预防脑震荡。So to give you a sense of what might be happening in aconcussion,I want to show you the video here that you seewhen you type into Google,What is a concussion?少片段 你亦可以键入到谷歌,键入什么是脑震荡？02:24The CDC website comes up,and this video

14、 essentially tellsthe whole story.也可在疾病预防控制中心的网站上找到,整个足本的影片。02:35What you see is the head moves forward,the brain lagsbehind,then the brain catches up and smashes into theskull.现在留意这个头部向前移动,大脑先向后撞到,然后大脑再向后倾 并撞向头骨。02:40It rebounds off the skull and then proceeds to run into theother side of the skull

15、.再回弹到头骨 然后继续进行到了另一边的头骨。02:48And what youll notice is highlighted in this video from theCDC,which Ill note was funded by the NFL,is that the outersurface of the brain,where it was to have smashed into theskull,looks like its been damaged or injured,so its on theouter surface of the brain.由疾控中心提供这影片当中

16、显然你都注意到,这是国家美式足球联盟赞助,那是大脑表面的四周,头骨明显被撞击,看起来大脑表面周边,像已损毁或受创。02:55lags:n.延迟支付进口货款;落后时间(lag的复数形式)/v.落后于(lag的第三人称单数形式)smashes:n.思迈斯类(朱力普中一种较淡的饮料)rebounds:n.篮板球;弹回;振作(rebound的复数)/v.弹回;报应;重新振作(rebound的第三人称单数)proceeds:n.收入,收益;实收款项 run into:遭遇,陷入;撞上,撞到;偶然遇见 highlighted:adj.突出的/v.使显著;照亮(highlight的过去分词)funded:a

17、dj.提供资金的/v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息(fund的过去式)smashed:v.粉碎(smash的过去式和过去分词)/adj.破碎的;喝醉酒的And what Id like to do with this video is to tell you that thereare some aspects that are probably right,indicative of whatthe scientists think happens with concussion,but theresprobably more thats wrong with this video.我

18、估计做这段影片 目的想告诉你某些观点可能是对的,表明了有科学家认为曾经产生过脑震荡,不过这段影片中有很多地方弄错了。03:11So one thing that I do agree with,and I think most expertswould,is that the brain does have these dynamics.有一件事我与大多数专家都认同的,就是大脑曾有动力学的变化。03:23It does lag behind the skull and then catch up and moveback and forth and oscillate.确实头骨先向后 再向前继

19、而前后摆动。03:28That we think is true.我认为这是事实。03:33However,the amount of motion you see in the brain in thisvideo is probably not right at all.然而,从影片中可以看到大脑摆动次数 但这点可能没根据。03:35Theres very little room in the cranial vault,only a fewmillimeters,and its filled entirely with cerebral spinal fluid,which acts a

20、s a protective layer.在大脑与头顶骨之间有一个很细的空间,只有几毫米,而且完全充满脑脊髓液,这角色就是要充当一个保护层。03:40aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数)indicative:adj.象征的；指示的；表示的/n.陈述语气；陈述语气的动词形式dynamics:n.动力学,力学 lag behind:落后;拖欠 back and forth:反复地,来回地 oscillate:vt.使振荡;使振动;使动摇/vi.振荡;摆动;犹豫 cranial:adj.头盖的 vault:n.拱顶;撑竿跳;地下室/vi.跳跃;成穹状弯曲/vt.做成圆拱形;撑竿

21、跳过 millimeters:n.计量毫米(millimeter的复数形式)cerebral:adj.大脑的,脑的 spinal:adj.脊髓的;脊柱的;针的;脊骨的;尖刺的/n.脊椎麻醉fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的/n.流体;液体And so the brain as a whole probably moves very little insidethe skull.因为整个大脑在头骨内变化得很少。03:51The other problem with this video is that the brain is shownas a kind of rigid whole

22、 as it moves around,and thats nottrue either.这影片内另一个问题 是大脑的显示 作为一种坚硬的整体怎可以四处移动,而事实并非如此。03:56Your brain is one of the softest substances in your body,andyou can think of it kind of like jello.你的大脑是你的身体上最柔软的物质之一,你能想到的它有点像果冻。04:05So as your head is moving back and forth,your brain istwisting and turnin

23、g and contorting,and the tissue isgetting stretched.所以当你的头部来来回回移动着,你的大脑就会弯弯曲曲的旋转和被扭曲,及组织会被拉长。04:11And so most experts,I think,would agree that concussion isnot likely to be something thats happening on this outersurface of the brain,but rather its something thats muchdeeper towards the center of the

24、 brain.所以大多数专家,我想,都会同意 脑震荡不太可能像这样子发生的 在大脑表面周边,对比起其他东西这是更深层 接近大脑中心点。04:18Now,the way that were approaching this problem to try tounderstand the mechanisms of concussion and to figure outif we can prevent it is we are using a device like this.现在,用我们的方式去解说这个问题 尝试去理解脑震荡的机制 假设我们可以预防便更要弄清楚 我们使用类似的设备。04:31

25、as a whole:总的来说 rigid:adj.严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的 substances:n.物物质;基本内容;物品药物(substance的复数)jello:n.凝胶物 twisting:n.扭转;缠绕;旋扭法;诱骗/adj.缠绕的;曲折的;转动的/v.力扭曲(twist的ing形式);编成;盘绕 contorting:vt.扭曲;曲解/vi.扭曲 stretched:adj.拉伸的,伸展了的/v.伸直,伸展;舒展(stretch的过去分词);伸缩Its a mouthguard.这是一个牙套。04:40It has sensors in it that are es

26、sentially the same that are inyour cell phone:accelerometers,gyroscopes,and whensomeone is struck in the head,it can tell you how their headmoved at a thousand samples per second.牙套上有一个感应器本质是相同的 这是在你的手机上:加速度计,陀螺仪,当有人头部被击中,这两部仪器可以告诉你他们的头部是怎样移动 举例说每秒一千样。04:42The principle behind the mouthguard is this

27、:it fits onto yourteeth.背后的原理该牙套是这样的:将牙套套在你的牙齿上。04:58Your teeth are one of the hardest substances in your body.你的牙齿是身体上最坚硬的物质之一。05:02So it rigidly couples to your skull and gives you the mostprecise possible measurement of how the skull moves.也是坚固地连接到你的头骨 并为你提供最精确合适的测量 头骨是如何移动的。05:05People have trie

28、d other approaches,with helmets.人们尝试其他的方法,配带头盔。05:12Weve looked at other sensors that go on your skin,and theyall simply move around too much,and so we found that thisis the only reliable way to take a good measurement.或会利用其他感应器就是你的皮肤,因为左右走动太多,所以我们发现,牙套感应器是唯一可靠的方法也是取得最好的测量方式。05:14So now that weve go

29、t this device,we can go beyondstudying cadavers,because you can only learn so muchabout concussion from studying a cadaver,and we want tolearn and study live humans.这个设备我们现在已经拥有了,并利用尸体作为研究,因此想了解更多关于脑震荡 就是只能从尸体上学习,如要从活生生的人类当中研究的话。05:27sensors:n.自传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数)accelerometers:n.航物加速计(accelerome

30、ter的复数);加速器;感应器 gyroscopes:n.陀螺仪(gyroscope的复数)rigidly:adv.严格地;坚硬地;严厉地;牢牢地 approaches:处理 movearound:v.走来走去;绕着来回转 go beyond:v.超出;胜过 cadavers:n.医尸体;死尸 cadaver:n.医尸体;死尸So where can we find a group of willing volunteers to go outand smash their heads into each other on a regular basis andsustain concussi

31、on?需要找一群志愿者 定期去粉碎他们的头部 并要认定已遭受了脑震荡？05:38Well,I was one of them,and its your local friendly Stanfordfootball team.对吧,我就是他们其中之一,你们本地友好斯坦福大学美式足球队。05:47So this is our laboratory,and I want to show you the firstconcussion we measured with this device.就在我的实验室在中,我想展示给你们看 我们用这设备进行了第一次脑震荡测量。05:53One of the t

32、hings that I should point out is the device hasthis gyroscope in it,and that allows you to measure therotation of the head.我想指出今次是利用陀螺仪装置设备,来测量头部旋转情况。06:00Most experts think that thats the critical factor that mightstart to tell us what is happening in concussion.因为大多数专家认为这就是关键因素 正式开始告诉我们脑震荡是如何形成。06

33、:07So please watch this video.请先观看这段影片。06:12Announcer:Cougars bring extra people late,but Luck hastime,and Winslow is crushed.评述员 美洲狮迟迟才带人来,但卢克仍有时间,可惜与温思劳撞过正面。06:15www.XiYuS锡育软件I hope hes all right.我希望他没事。06:22(Audience roars)Top of your screen,youll see him come onjust this little post route,get se

34、paration,safety.（影片中观众怒吼一声）请留意萤光幕上方,他好像沿着一条小小的路线冲过去,被撞到弹开了,幸好没大碍。06:23point out:指出,指明 rotation:n.旋转;循环,轮流 critical:adj.鉴定的；核临界的；批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的；决定性的；评论的 Announcer:n.广播广播员;宣告者 Cougars:n.脊椎美洲狮(cougar的复数)Here it comes at you in real speed.Youll hear this.听说就在这里才会感受到真正的速度。06:40The hit delivered by-David Ca

35、marillo:Sorry,three times isprobably a little excessive there.交由命运安排-大卫卡马里奥:对不起,撞击三次实在有一点过分。06:44But you get the idea.你有什么想法。06:51So when you look at just the film here,pretty much the onlything you can see is he got hit really hard and he was hurt.当你只是在这里看着的影片时,几乎你可以看见唯一的事情就是他们真正被撞击和受伤。06:52But whe

36、n we extract the data out of the mouthguard that hewas wearing,we can see much more detail,much richerinformation.但当我们提取资料时 发现原来他有配戴牙套的,我们可以看到更详细的,更丰富的信息。06:59And one of the things that we noticed here is that he wasstruck in the lower left side of his face mask.以及我们在这里看到其中的一件事情发生 就是他面具左下方被撞击到。07:05

37、And so that did something first that was a littlecounterintuitive.第一时间觉得有点不合常理。07:12His head did not move to the right.他的脑部没有移动到右边。07:15In fact,it rotated first to the left.事实上,脑部应先转动到左边。07:17Then as the neck began to compress,the force of the blowcaused it to whip back to the right.然后随着颈部开始受压,由冲击力引

38、致脑部迅速撞回右边。07:19So this left-right motion was sort of a whiplash-typephenomenon,and we think that is probably what led to thebrain injury.所以这个左右移动类似那种挥鞭现象,我们认为就是这样导致了脑部受伤。07:25extract:vt.提取;取出;摘录;榨取/n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹 counterintuitive:adj.违反直觉的 rotated:adj.旋转的/v.旋转;使转动;循环(rotate的过去分词)compress:vi.受压缩小/vt.压

39、缩，压紧；精简Now,this device is only limited in such that it can measurethe skull motion,but what we really want to know is whatshappening inside of the brain.由于,这种装置只局限于测量头骨移动,所以我们真的很想知道在大脑内究竟发生了什么变化。07:35So we collaborate with Svein Kleivens group in Sweden.故此我们在瑞典,与斯韦恩凯文的研究小组合作。07:42Theyve developed a

40、finite element model of the brain.他们已经利用有限元素法去探讨大脑。07:46And so this is a simulation using the data from ourmouthguard from the injury I just showed you,and what yousee is the brain-this is a cross-section right in the front ofthe brain twisting and contorting as I mentioned.这是一种模拟状态 研究数据主要来自损坏的牙套资料就

41、是我刚才这段影片,从这片段的大脑你可以看到什么-前面就是大脑右边横切面 正如我所提及的大脑有扭曲及被扭断。07:49So you can see this doesnt look a lot like the CDC video.你们现在看到的与疾控中心的影片完全不同08:02Now,the colors that youre looking at are how much thebrain tissue is being stretched.现在,你看到的颜色 有多少脑组织被撑大了。08:05And so the red is 50 percent.所显示50%红色。08:11That me

42、ans the brain has been stretched to 50 percent of itsoriginal length,the tissue in that particular area.就是意味着大脑被撑大程度比起原来的大出50%这组织在该特定区域。08:13And the main thing I want to draw your attention to is thisred spot.我想用这个红点来引起你们注意。08:18collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌 finite:adj.有限的；限定的/n.有限之物 simulation:n.仿真;模拟;模仿

43、;假装 cross-section:n.横截面;横断面So the red spot is very close to the center of the brain,andrelatively speaking,you dont see a lot of colors like that onthe exterior surface as the CDC video showed.红点是非常接近大脑中心,相对来说,在外层表面并没看到太多类似的颜色 从疾控中心的影片中显示。08:21Now,to explain a little more detail about how we thinkco

44、ncussion might be happening,one thing I should mentionis that we and others have observed that a concussion ismore likely when youre struck and your head rotates in thisdirection.但现在,我需要来解释更多细节 关于我们认为发生脑震荡的可能性,有一件事我必须要提及 就是我们和其他人已经观察到有倾向脑震荡的迹象 当你被撞击时你的头部会从这个方向旋转。08:34This is more common in sports li

45、ke football,but this seems tobe more dangerous.So what might be happening there?这种情况普遍性发生在美式足球运动内,似乎相比其他运动更加危险。那里会有什么事发生呢？08:48Well,one thing that youll notice in the human brain that isdifferent than other animals is we have these two very largelobes.好吧,有件事你要注意就是人类的大脑 与其他动物不同 我们有两个非常大的额叶。08:54We ha

46、ve the right brain and the left brain.我们有右脑和左脑。09:01And the key thing to notice in this figure here is that rightdown the center of the right brain and the left brain theres alarge fissure that goes deep into the brain.请留意图中最关键的事情 就是右脑与左的脑的中间位置 这里一个大裂缝竟然深进入大脑。09:04observed:adj.观察的;观测的/v.观察;遵守;注意到(ob

47、serve的过去分词形式)rotates:旋转/轮流 different than:不同于lobes:n.耳垂;脑叶(lobe的复数形式)fissure:vi.裂开;分裂/n.裂缝;裂沟(尤指岩石上的)/vt.裂开;分裂And in that fissure,what you cant see in this image,youllhave to trust me,there is a fibrous sheet of tissue.那裂缝,你不能在此图片中看到,请相信我,那是纤维组织表。09:13Its called the falx,and it runs from the front o

48、f your head allthe way to the back of your head,and its quite stiff.被称为大脑镰 大脑镰从你的脑前额开始运行然后用尽任何方式走到你的后脑,而且非常僵硬。09:19And so what that allows for is when youre struck and yourhead rotates in this left-right direction,forces can rapidlytransmit right down to the center of your brain.当你受到撞击你还等什么 你的大脑左右旋转

49、的情况下,这个撞击力迅速传递直到你的大脑中心。09:25Now,whats there at the bottom of this fissure?那么,裂缝的底部究竟有什么？09:35Its the wiring of your brain,and in fact this red bundle hereat the bottom of that fissure is the single largest fiber bundlethat is the wiring that connects the right and left sides ofyour brain.这是你大脑的路径,事实

50、上红色一束束是裂缝的底部 是单一最大的神经纤维束 联系左右两侧大脑的主要路径。09:39Its called the corpus callosum.被称为胼胝体。09:53And we think that this might be one of the most commonmechanisms of concussion,and as the forces move down,they strike the corpus callosum,it causes a dissociationbetween your right and your left brain and could e