EricaStone_2016X[艾瑞卡·斯通][学术研究是公共资助的——为什么公众却不能看到研究成果].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Do you ever find yourself referencing a study in conversationthat you didnt actually read?你是否有这样的经历:当你和别人谈论某项研究时,其实你并没有真正读过其中的内容？00:12(Laughter)I was having coffee with a friend of mine the otherday,and I said,You know,I read a new study that sayscoffee reduces the risk of depression in

2、 women.（笑声）前几天我和一个朋友喝咖啡,我说:“我最近读了一项研究,声称咖啡可以减少 女性患抑郁症的风险。”00:20But really,what I read was a tweet.实际上,我所说的“读了”是一条推特。00:31(Laughter)That said-（笑声）推文说00:37(Laughter)A new study says drinking coffee may decreasedepression risk in women.（笑声）“一项新的研究表面,喝咖啡可 减少女性患抑郁症的风险。”00:40(Laughter)And that tweet had a

3、 link to the New York Timesblog,where a guest blogger translated the study findingsfrom a Live Science article,which got its originalinformation（笑声）这条推特附了链接,连到纽约时报的博客,该博客由是一位特邀博主 翻译出来的研究成果,该成果来自生命科学的一篇文章,这篇文章的原始内容来自于00:45from the Harvard School of Public Health news site,whichcited the actual study

4、abstract,which summarized the actualstudy published in an academic journal.哈佛大学公共卫生学院的新闻页面,该页面引用了一篇论文的摘要,这个摘要总结的是发表在 某学术期刊上的真实研究成果。00:58referencing:n.定位;连接连测;加参考符号/v.引用(reference的ing形式);把引作参考 the other day:不久前某一天;几天以前 reduces:v.降低;减少;将归纳;折合(reduce的第三人称单数形式)depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁 blogger:n.写博客的人;博

5、客使用者 Harvard:n.哈佛大学；哈佛大学学生 cited:v.引用(cite的过去分词)summarized:v.总结,概括;概述(summarize的过去式及过去分词形式)(Laughter)Its like the six degrees of separation,but withresearch.（笑声）这就好像那个“六度空间理论”,只是换成了科学研究。01:09(Laughter)So,when I said I read a study,what I actually readwas 59 characters that summarized 10 years of res

6、earch.（笑声）（笑声）我实际看到的,只是概括了 近10年的研究成果的59个字母。01:15(Laughter)So,when I said I read a study,I was readingfractions of the study that were put together by fourdifferent writers that were not the author,before it got to me.（笑声）所以,当我说读到一项科学研究,我只看到了这项研究的一小部分,它来自于四位不同的作者,却不是该研究的真正作者写的,这就是最终我能看到的研究。01:26That

7、doesnt seem right.这是不对的。01:40But accessing original research is difficult,becauseacademics arent regularly engaging with popular media.但是,想要看到原始的 研究内容没那么容易,因为,学术论文通常 不与大众媒体建立联系。01:42And you might be asking yourself,why arent academicsengaging with popular media?可能你会问,为什么学术论文 不与大众媒体挂钩呢？01:50It seems

8、like theyd be a more legitimate source ofinformation than the media pundits.好像学术论文的信息源 比媒体权威更靠谱啊。01:55Right?对吧？02:00(Laughter)In a country with over 4,100 colleges anduniversities,it feels like this should be the norm.（笑声）在一个拥有超过4100所 大学和学院的国家,好像这应该很正常。02:01fractions:n.数分数;小部分,片段(fraction的复数)put tog

9、ether:.放在一起;组合;装配 accessing:n.计访问/v.计访问(access的ing形式);接近;到达 academics:n.学术水平;学术知识;专业学者 engaging:adj.迷人的/v.参加(engage的ing形式);保证;雇用 legitimate:adj.合法的；正当的；合理的；正统的/vt.使合法；认为正当(等于legitimize)pundits:权威(pundit的复数)But its not.然而事实并非如此。02:09So,how did we get here?是怎么回事呢？02:10To understand why scholars arent

10、engaging with popularmedia,you first have to understand how universities work.要想明白为什么学者们 不与大众媒体建立联系,首先你得知道大学是怎么运作的。02:14Now,in the last six years,Ive taught at seven different在过去的六年里,我在七所不同的大学都担任过教员,它们位于四个不同的州。02:21TED演讲者：Erica Stone|艾瑞卡斯通演讲标题：Academic research is publicly funded-why isnt it publicl

11、y available?|学术研究是公共资助的为什么公众却不能看到研究成果？内容概要：In the US,your taxes fund academic research at public universities.Why then do youneed to pay expensive,for-profit journals for the results of that research?Erica Stone advocatesfor a new,open-access relationship between the public and scholars,making the c

12、ase thatacademics should publish in more accessible media.A functioning democracy requires thatthe public be well-educated and well-informed,Stone says.Instead of research happeningbehind paywalls and bureaucracy,wouldnt it be better if it was unfolding right in front of us?在美国，公立学校的科研经费来自你交的税。那为什么还

13、要向盈利的期刊付出昂贵的费用才能看到科研成果？艾瑞卡斯通呼吁出版物和学者建立一种新型的、开放的关系，使学者的论文发表于一些公众获取度更高的媒体。“民主的功能需要公众有良好的教育背景和信息获取能力”，斯通说，“与其让科研躲在付费和官僚机构身后，让它们直白的展现在我们公众面前不是更好吗？”Now,in the last six years,Ive taught at seven differentcolleges and universities in four different states.员,它们位于四个不同的州。02:21Im a bit of an adjunct extraordin

14、aire.我能算半个跨领域专家吧。02:27(Laughter)And at the same time,Im pursuing my PhD.（笑声）任教的同时,我也在 攻读我的博士学位。02:29In all of these different institutions,the research andpublication process works the same way.在所有不同的大学机构里,研究和发表论文的流程几乎是一样的。02:33First,scholars produce research in their fields.首先,学者们在自己的 研究领域做科研。02:39

15、To fund their research,they apply for public and privategrants and after the research is finished,they write a paperabout their findings.他们会向公共部门或私人机构 申请研究经费,等研究完成以后,他们会把研究成果写成论文。02:42Then they submit that paper to relevant academic journals.然后论文被提交给相关学术期刊。02:50Then it goes through a process called

16、peer review,whichessentially means that other experts are checking it foraccuracy and credibility.接着会有一个环节,叫做同行审稿。就是由同领域其他的专家 来检验研究报告的准确性和可信度。02:54scholars:n.学者们(scholar的复数)adjunct:n.附属物;助手;修饰语/adj.附属的 extraordinaire:adj.(法语)特别的;非凡的;异常的 pursuing:n.追求;追逐;追赶/v.从事;追赶(pursue的ing形式)grants:n.补助金;津贴(grant的

17、复数);政府奖助/v.专利授予;同意;承认(grant的第三人称单数)journals:n.学术期刊(journal的复数);日记;日记账 peer review:审计同业互查credibility:n.可信性;确实性And then,once its published,for-profit companies resellthat information back to universities and public librariesthrough journal and database subscriptions.然后,论文一旦发表了,盈利公司就会转卖该内容,以期刊或订阅资料库的形式

18、 卖回给大学和公共图书馆。03:02So,thats the system.这就是整个系统的运行过程。03:12Research,write,peer-review,publish,repeat.研究、撰写、同行审稿、发表,再不断重复这个过程。03:16My friends and I call it feeding the monster.我和我朋友都认为 这就像是“养怪兽”。03:21And you can see how this might create some problems.你能看出这会造成一些问题。03:25The first problem is that most aca

19、demic research is publiclyfunded but privately distributed.首先,大部分研究都由公共经费出资,但是成果却由私人售卖。03:29Every year,the federal government spends 60 billion dollarson research.每年,联邦政府花费 600亿美元支持科研。03:37According to the National Science Foundation,29 percent ofthat goes to public research universities.据国家科学基金会称,其

20、中29%给了公立大学研究。03:42So,if youre quick at math,thats 17.4 billion dollars.如果你数学不错,会算出那是174亿。03:47Tax dollars.纳税人的钱。03:53for-profit:以盈利为目的的 resell:vt.转售;转卖;再卖 subscriptions:n.订阅(subscription的复数形式);捐献 peer-review:n.各领域专家互相评阅;同行评审;同业监督小组;同业互查组织 monster:n.怪物；巨人，巨兽；残忍的人/adj.巨大的，庞大的funded:adj.提供资金的/v.提供资金;积存

21、;提供资金偿付的本息(fund的过去式)privately:adv.私下地;秘密地 Accordingto:根据,按照;取决于;据所说And just five corporations are responsible for distributingmost publicly funded research.只有五家公司负责发行 公共经费资助的大多数研究成果。03:55In 2014,just one of those companies made 1.5 billion dollarsin profit.在2014年,其中一家公司盈利15亿。04:00Its a big business.

22、真是一桩大买卖啊。04:07And I bet you can see the irony here.我知道你一定看出了其讽刺之处。04:09If the public is funding academics research,but then we haveto pay again to access the results,its like were paying for ittwice.如果公众给学术研究提供经费,可之后我们还得付费 才能看到研究结果,等于我们出了两次钱。04:12And the other major problem is that most academics do

23、nthave a whole lot of incentive to publish outside of theseprestigious subscription-based journals.另外,还有一个主要的问题是,大部分学者都没有动机 把文章发表到那些订阅式的 着名期刊以外的地方。04:22Universities build their tenure and promotion systemsaround the number of times scholars publish.大学的终身职位和晋升机制 取决于学者发表的文章数量。04:30So,books and journal

24、 articles are kind of like a form ofcurrency for scholars.所以,出书和期刊对学者来说 就像一种货币形式。04:36Publishing articles helps you get tenure and more researchgrants down the road.发表论文帮你得到终身职位,以及更多的研究经费。04:40corporations:n.贸易公司,经企业(corporation的复数形式)distributing:v.分配;散布(distribute的ing形式)/adj.分配的irony:n.讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味

25、的事/adj.铁的；似铁的 incentive:n.动机;刺激/adj.激励的;刺激的 outside of:在的外面;超出的范围 prestigious:adj.有名望的;享有声望的 tenure:n.任期;占有/vt.授予终身职位But academics are not rewarded for publishing with popularmedia.但是,如果在大众媒体发表论文,学者们什么也得不到。04:45So,this is the status quo.所以,这就是现状。04:50The current academic ecosystem.这就是当下的学术生态系统。04:53

26、But I dont think it has to be this way.但我觉得不一定非要这样。04:56www.XiYuS锡育软件We can make some simple changes to flip the script.我们可以做些简单改变 来翻转这个局面。04:59So,first,lets start by discussing access.首先,我们来谈谈信息的获取。05:04Universities can begin to challenge the status quo byrewarding scholars for publishing not just

27、in thesesubscription-based journals but in open-access journals aswell as on popular media.大学可以这样开始挑战现状:学者可以获得奖励,如果把文章 不仅发表在订阅式期刊上,也发表在对公众开放的期刊 和大众媒体上。05:07Now,the open-access movement is starting to make someprogress in many disciplines,and fortunately,some otherbig players have started to notice.如

28、今,在多个学科中,开放浏览运动 开始初见成效,而且有幸也引起了几个巨头的关注。05:21Google Scholar has made open-access research searchableand easier to find.“谷歌学术”已经提供开放的学术搜索,很好搜索也很容易找到。05:30Congress,last year,introduced a bill that suggests thatacademic research projects with over 100 million or more infunding should develop an open-acc

29、ess policy.去年,国会提出了一个提案,建议那些获得了超过一亿美元资金支持的 学术研究项目,应该建立开放获取的政策。05:36rewarded:劳经奖赏 ecosystem:n.生态系统 rewarding:adj.有益的，值得的；有报酬的，报答的 open-access:开放获取 as well as:也;和一样;不但而且 disciplines:n.管理纪律(discipline的复数);科目/v.训导;使有纪律(discipline的单三形式)searchable:adj.可被搜查的;透过搜查能找到的And this year,NASA opened up its entire

30、research library tothe public.而且今年,NASA 也把他们的 整个研究图书馆对公众开放。05:49So,you can see this idea is beginning to catch on.所以,你看这个想法正在开始实现。05:55But access isnt just about being able to get your hands on adocument or a study.但是,开放获取不仅仅是 能让你获得某个文档或者研究内容。05:59Its also about making sure that that document or stu

31、dy iseasily understood.它也要确保 这个文档或者研究内容 能很容易被你理解。06:04So,lets talk about translation.所以,我们再来谈谈诠释。06:09I dont envision this translation to look like the six degrees ofseparation that I illustrated earlier.我不希望诠释又是一个 像我开头说的那种“六度空间理论”。06:15Instead,what if scholars were able to take the research thatthe

32、yre doing and translate it on popular media and be ableto engage with the public?相反,如果学者本人能够 把他们自己做的研究 在大众媒体上诠释,并能与公众进行互动,会怎么样？06:23If scholars did this,the degrees of separation between thepublic and research would shrink by a lot.如果学者们这样做,那么大众和学术研究之间的距离 就会缩小很多。06:33So,you see,Im not suggesting a d

33、umbing-down of theresearch.所以你看,我不提倡降低研究标准。06:40Im just suggesting that we give the public access to thatresearch and that we shift the venue and focus on using plainlanguage so that the public whos paying for the researchcan also consume it.我只是建议把研究成果开放给公众,转化获取方式,注意运用通俗的语言,这样,那些为研究出资的公众也可以了解这些成果。06

34、:44catch on:理解,明白;变得流行 envision:vt.想象;预想 illustrated:n.有插画的报章杂志/adj.有插图的/v.阐明;举例说明;给加插图(illustrate的过去分词)engage with:交战;与接洽 venue:n.审判地;犯罪地点;发生地点;集合地点And there are some other benefits to this approach.这种方法还有其他一些好处。06:57By showing the public how their tax dollars are being used tofund research,they ca

35、n begin to redefine universitiesidentities so that universities identities are not just based ona football team or the degrees they grant but on the researchthats being produced there.通过让公众了解他们纳的税 如何被用于研究,他们可以重新对大学进行定位,让大学的定位不仅仅是建立在一个足球队上,也不是他们授予的学位上,而是建立在研究结果上。07:01And when theres a healthy relatio

36、nship between the publicand scholars,it encourages public participation in research.当学者和公众之间建立起 一种健康的关系,就会鼓励公众参与到研究中。07:18Can you imagine what that might look like?你能想象这会产生什么样的变化吗？07:28What if social scientists helped local police redesign theirsensitivity trainings and then collaboratively wrote am

37、anual to model future trainings?如果一个社会学科学家 能帮助警察重新设计敏感性训练,然后一起写个手册来 为未来的训练做示范？07:32Or what if our education professors consulted with our localpublic schools to decide how were going to intervene withour at-risk students and then wrote about it in a localnewspaper?或者,如果教育学教授能为 地方公立学校提供咨询,来商讨如何教导那些面临

38、危机的学生,然后在当地报纸上发表一篇报告呢？07:42redefine:vt.重新定义 identities:身份/特性 participation:n.参与；分享；参股 redesign:vt.重新设计/n.重新设计;新设计 sensitivity:n.敏感;敏感性;过敏 trainings:n.培训(training的复数)collaboratively:adv.合作地;协作地 consulted:v.请教,咨询(consult过去式)intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入 at-risk:adj.处于危险中的Because a functioning democracy requir

39、es that the public bewell-educated and well-informed.因为真正的民主 需要公众接收良好的 教育并获知信息。07:55Instead of research happening behind paywalls andbureaucracy,wouldnt it be better if it was unfolding rightin front of us?与其让研究成果藏在 付费系统和官僚系统的后面,让它直白的展现在我们面前 不是更好吗？08:02Now,as a PhD student,I realize Im critiquing th

40、e club I wantto join.作为一名博士生,我知道我在批评一个 我自己想要加入的群体。08:12(Laughter)Which is a dangerous thing to do,since Im goingto be on the academic job market in a couple of years.（笑声）这么干挺危险的,因为过两年我就要 在这个圈子里找工作。08:18But if the status quo in academic research is to publish in theecho chambers of for-profit journal

41、s that never reach thepublic,you better believe my answer is going to be nope.但如果当今的学术研究现状 仍然是在盈利期刊发表论文,而从不面向公众,你知道我的答案肯定是“不行”。08:25I believe in inclusive,democratic research that works in thecommunity and talks with the public.我相信,民主的科学研究 是为了大众服务的,是能和民众互动的,08:37I want to work in research and in an

42、academic culture wherethe public is not only seen as a valuable audience,but aconstituent,a participant.我更愿意在这样的文化里做研究,公众不仅仅只是观众,而应该是参与者。08:45functioning:n.运行,运作;计功能;机能;起酌(function的动名词)/v.运行,起作用(function的现在分词形式)well-educated:adj.受过良好教育的 well-informed:adj.消息灵通的;见多识广的;熟悉的;博学的 bureaucracy:n.官僚主义；官僚机构；官

43、僚政治 unfolding:n.演变;生化伸展;生物物理解折叠/v.展开(unfold的ing形式)critiquing:批判/批评 echo:vt.反射；重复/vi.随声附和；发出回声/n.回音；效仿 chambers:n.内庭(chamber的复数)inclusive:adj.包括的，包含的 constituent:n.成分;选民;委托人/adj.构成的;选举的 participant:adj.参与的;有关系的/n.参与者;关系者And in some cases even the expert.在某些情况下,甚至是专家。08:54And this isnt just about givi

44、ng you guys access toinformation.而且,这不只是关乎 向公众开放信息。09:00Its about shifting academic culture from publishing topractice and from talking to doing.而是要把学术文化 从发表论文变成实际应用,从理论变成实践。09:08And you should know that this idea,this hope-it doesntjust belong to me.你应该知道的是,这个观点和希望 并不只属于我一个人。09:17Im standing on the

45、 shoulders of many scholars,teachers,librarians and community members who also advocate forincluding more people in the conversation.我是站在许多人的肩膀上,包括学者、教师、图书管理员和社区成员,他们也呼吁更多的人参与进来。09:23I hope you join our conversation,too.我希望你也能参与进来。09:34Thank you.谢谢。09:37(Applause)（掌声）09:38shifting:n.计移位；狡猾/v.改变（shift的ing形式）/adj.移动的；狡诈的 advocate:vt.提倡,主张,拥护/n.提倡者;支持者;律师*Warning:本文是由生成导出，请用于个人学习，不要用于商业用途。否则，导致的一切法律后果，均由您个人承担，锡育软件概不负责。*