ShimonSteinberg_2010X[希蒙.斯坦伯格][讨论利用益虫来抑制害虫].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Im a bug lover,myself-not from childhood,by the way,but rather late.我是虫子的爱好者，不过并不是从小就这样，是年纪较大以后才开始的。00:12When I bachelored,majoring in zoology in Tel AvivUniversity,I kind of fell in love with bugs.在大学时期，我在特拉维夫大学主修动物学，我开始对虫子产生兴趣。00:18And then,within zoology,I took the course or the disc

2、iplineof entomology,the science of insects.于是，在动物学系里，我选修了昆虫学的相关课程，昆虫科学这门课。00:25And then I thought,myself,how can I be practical or help inthe science of entomology?当时我想着，我要怎么去运用它 或是我该如何对昆虫科学有所贡献?00:33And then I moved to the world of plant protection-plantprotection from insects,from bad bugs.接着我开始往保

3、护植物的方向探索 保护植物不被昆虫侵害，被那些害虫所侵害。00:39And then within plant protection,I came into the disciplineof biological pest control which we actually define as the useof living organisms to reduce populations of noxious plantpests.在保护植物这方面，我开始接触 生物抑制害虫法，我们对这方法的定义是 利用活着的有机生物来降低对于植物有害的 那些害虫数量。00:47So its a whole

4、discipline in plant protection thats aiming atthe reduction of chemicals.在于植物保护上来说，这种方式的目标是降低化学药剂的使用量。01:03And biological pest control,by the way,or these good bugsthat we are talking about,theyve existed in the world forthousands and thousands of years,for a long,long time.这种生物抑制害虫法，或是我们所谈的这种益虫，它们已

5、经存在这世上好几千年了，已经很久很久了。01:10majoring:adj.主要的;重要的;主修的;较多的/n.人类成年人;主修科目;陆军少校/vi.主修 zoology:n.动物学;动物区系entomology:n.昆虫学 organisms:n.生物生物体(organism的复数);生物有机体 noxious:adj.有害的;有毒的;败坏道德的;讨厌的 pests:n.害虫(pest的复数)But only in the last 120 years people started,or people knewmore and more how to exploit,or how to us

6、e,this biologicalcontrol phenomenon,or in fact,natural control phenomenon,to their own needs.但是直到近120年来 人们才逐渐开始知道，如何去开发、利用它们，以及如何去使用这种生物抑制害虫法，或者该说，自然抑制法，来达到人们的目的。01:20Because biological control phenomenon,you can see it inyour backyard.因为生物抑制害虫法 它就存在于你的后院里面。01:38Just take a magnifying glass.You see

7、what I have here?只要拿个放大镜。你看我拿的这个是什么？01:42Thats a magnifier times 10.这是一个十倍的放大镜。01:44Yeah,times 10.对，十倍而已。01:46Just open it.只用它。01:48You just twist leaves,and you see a whole new world ofminute insects,or little spiders of one millimeter,one and ahalf,two millimeters long,and you can distinguish betw

8、eenthe good ones and the bad ones.你只要把叶子翻开来，你就会发现一个新世界，那里有着微小的昆虫，长度只有1毫米,1.5毫米 或是2毫米大小的蜘蛛，你可以去分辨益虫和害虫。01:50So this phenomenon of natural control exists literallyeverywhere.所以这种自然的抑制方式 确实在每个地方存在着。02:03Here,in front of this building,Im sure.我敢肯定这栋建筑物的前面就有。02:07Just have a look at the plants.看看这些植物。02:

9、09backyard:n.后院;后庭 magnifying:adj.放大的/v.放大(magnify的ing形式);增加;升高 magnifier:n.光放大镜;电子放大器 millimeter:n.计量毫米 millimeters:n.计量毫米(millimeter的复数形式)distinguish:vt.区分；辨别；使杰出，使表现突出/vi.区别，区分；辨别 have a look at:看一看,看一眼So its everywhere,and we need to know how to exploit it.到处都是昆虫，我们需要知道怎么去发现它。02:11Well let us go

10、 hand by hand and browse through just a fewexamples.好，让我们一样样来看，看看后面这些例子。02:16What is a pest?什么是害虫?02:21What damage does it actually inflict on the plant?它会对植物产生什么样的害处?02:23And what is the natural enemy,the biologically controlledagent,or the good bug,that we are talking about?还有它的天敌是什么呢?生物抑制害虫的媒介，或是

11、我们所提到的益虫?02:26In general,Im going to talk about insects and spiders,ormites,let us call them.大致上来说，我要谈的 是昆虫和蜘蛛，或是螨，我们这样称呼它好了。02:32TED演讲者：Shimon Steinberg|希蒙.斯坦伯格演讲标题：Shimon Steinberg:Natural pest control.using bugs!|讨论利用益虫来抑制害虫内容概要：Shimon Steinberg.s biotech lab researches ways to harness the natura

12、l benefits ofinsects on a massive scale.Shimom Steinberg 在TEDxTelAviv特拉维夫上谈论了害虫和益虫的差别，并且提出使用益虫来对抗害虫的想法,期望不用农药也能获得丰收。Insects,those six-legged organisms and spiders or mites,theeight-legged organisms.昆虫-是那些有六只脚的有机生物，而蜘蛛或螨，它们是八只脚的有机生物。02:40Lets have a look at that.我们看看这个。02:46Here is a pest,devastating

13、 pest,a spider mite,because itdoes a lot of webbing like a spider.这是一只害虫，会搞破坏的害虫，一只蜘蛛螨，因为它像蜘蛛一样会产生许多网状的东西。02:48You see the mother in between and two daughters,probablyon the left and right,and a single egg on the right-handside.你看中间的那只是妈妈 还有左右两边那大概是两个女儿，右手边还有一个蛋。02:54inflict:vt.造成;使遭受(损伤,痛苦等);给予(打击等

14、)biologically:adv.生物学上,生物学地 In general:总之,通常;一般而言mites:n.螨虫类(mite的复数)devastating:adj.毁灭性的；全然的/v.摧毁(devastate的ing形式)；毁坏 mite:n.极小量;小虫;小孩儿;微小的东西 webbing:n.带子,边带;结实的带状织物;厚边;熔塌 right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.接下来你可以知道它所造成的损害是什么。03:01On your right-hand side

15、you can see a cucumber leaf,andon the middle,cotton leaf,and on the left a tomato leaf withthese little stipplings.右手边你可以看见黄瓜的叶子，中间是棉花的叶子，左边是蕃茄的叶子连着一些小叶子03:03They can literally turn from green to white because of thesucking,piercing mouthparts of those spiders.这些蜘蛛利用尖嘴刺穿叶子，吸食汁液之后，让这些叶子 由绿色转变成白色。03:1

16、0But here comes nature that provides us with a good spider.但接下来的是大自然 提供我们的益虫蜘蛛。03:19This is a predatory mite-just as small as a spider mite,bythe way,one millimeter,two millimeters long,not more thanthat,running quickly,hunting,chasing the spider mites.这是一只掠食性螨-和蜘蛛螨一样小，1毫米到2毫米左右的长度，跑得很快，能猎食，追逐着蜘蛛螨。0

17、3:23And here you can see this lady in action on your left-handside-just pierces,sucks the body fluids on the left-handside of the pest mite.你可以看见左手边这位女士 正在用餐-刺穿过左边那只蜘蛛螨的身体，吸食着它的体液。03:34And after five minutes,this is what you see:just a typicaldead corpse,shriveled,sucked-out,dead corpse of thespider

18、 mite,and next to it,two satiated individuals ofpredatory mites,a mother on the left-hand side,a youngnymph on the right-hand side.大概五分钟过后，结果如你所见，只剩下一具典型的尸体-充满皱折，已经被吸干的 蜘蛛螨的尸体，在旁边的，则是两只 吃饱喝足的掠食螨，左手边的是妈妈，右手边的是一个小姑娘。03:43cucumber:n.黄瓜;胡瓜 sucking:adj.吸奶的;授乳的;尚未断奶的;乳臭未干的/v.吸入(suck的ing形式)piercing:adj.刺穿的

19、;敏锐的;尖刻的;打动人心的/n.熔化穿孔/v.刺穿;感动;洞察(pierce的ing形式)mouthparts:n.昆虫等的口器 predatory:adj.掠夺的,掠夺成性的;食肉的;捕食生物的 left-hand:adj.左手的;左侧的 pierces:vt.刺穿;洞察;响彻;深深地打动/vi.进入;透入fluids:n.流流体(fluid的复数形式);物液体 corpse:n.尸体 shriveled:adj.枯萎的/v.(使)枯萎;(使)皱缩;(使)无能为力(shrivel的过去式)By the way,a meal for them for 24 hours is about fi

20、veindividuals of the spider mites,of the bad mites,or 15 to 20eggs of the pest mites.对了，对它们来说，一天24小时的食物，大概是5只蜘蛛螨，或是那些害虫螨，或是15到20只 害虫螨的蛋。04:00By the way,they are hungry always.换句话说，它们一直都很饿。04:12(Laughter)And there is another example:aphids.(笑声)这是另一个例子：蚜虫。04:15By the way,its springtime now in Israel.对

21、了，现在在以色列正值春天，04:19When temperature rises sharply,you can see those bad ones,those aphids,all over the plants,in your hibiscus,in yourlantana,in the young,fresh foliage of the spring flush,so-called.温度正快速在上升。你可以看见那些有害的蚜虫，在植物上到处都是，在山芙蓉上，在马缨丹上，在那些被称为春芽的 刚长出来的嫩叶上。04:21By the way,with aphids you have onl

22、y females,likeAmazons.对了，那些蚜虫，只有母蚜虫 就像亚马逊一族一样。04:34Females giving rise to females giving rise to other females.母的生母的，然后再生出母的。04:38No males at all.完全没有公的。04:41Parthenogenesis,as it was so called.这被称为单性生殖。04:43aphids:n.蚜虫类(aphid的复数)springtime:n.春天;春季;初期 sharply:adv.急剧地;锐利地 hibiscus:n.木槿;芙蓉花lantana:n.马

23、樱丹属 foliage:n.植物;叶子(总称)so-called:adj.所谓的；号称的 Amazons:n.亚马逊人;奴役现象;亚马逊鹦鹉;亚马逊女战士(Amazon的复数)Parthenogenesis:n.植单性生殖,胚孤雌生殖And they are very happy with that,apparently.看起来它们对此还挺开心的。04:45Here we can see the damage.接下来我们可以看见它所造成的伤害。04:48Those aphids secrete some sticky,sugary liquid calledhoneydew,and this

24、just globs the upper parts of the plant.这些蚜虫会分泌 一些黏稠的，甜甜的液体，称作为蜜汁。这些会在植物的上面 形成小水珠的形状。04:50Here you see a typical cucumber leaf that turned actuallyfrom green to black because of a black fungus,sooty mold,which is covering it.你可以看见典型的黄瓜叶子 因为覆盖在上面的黑色真菌 以及乌黑的霉菌 让它从绿色变成了黑色。05:01And here comes the salvat

25、ion through this parasitic wasp.接下来拯救者上场了，就是这个寄生的胡蜂。05:09Here we are not talking about a predator.这儿我们说的不是掠食者。05:15www.XiYuS锡育软件Here we are talking a parasite-not a two-legged parasite,but an eight-legged parasite,of course.我们说的是寄生者，并不是两只脚的寄生者，而是六只脚的寄生者。05:17This is a parasitic wasp,again,two millim

26、eters long,slender,a very quick and sharp flier.这是寄生胡蜂，大概2毫米长，相当纤细，它是一种行动迅速 相当机警的飞行者。05:24secrete:vt.藏匿;私下侵吞;分泌 sticky:adj.粘的；粘性的 sugary:adj.含糖的;甜的;糖状的;甜言蜜语的 honeydew:n.蜜露;蜜汁;甘汁 globs:n.一滴;水珠;一团 fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类 sooty:adj.乌黑的;煤烟熏黑的/vt.用煤灰覆盖;用煤烟弄脏mold:vt.塑造;使发霉;用模子制作/vi.发霉/n.霉菌;模子 parasitic:adj.寄生的(

27、等于parasitical)wasp:n.黄蜂;昆胡蜂;易怒的人/vi.黄蜂似的直扑 predator:n.动捕食者;动食肉动物;掠夺者 parasite:n.寄生虫;食客 two-legged:有两条腿的slender:adj.细长的；苗条的；微薄的 flier:n.飞行员;快车;飞行物;(美)广告传单And here you can see this parasite in action,like in anacrobatic maneuver.这边你可以看见寄生的过程，就像是在做特技表演一样。05:32She stands vis-a-vis in front of the victim

28、 at the right-handside,bending its abdomen and inserting a single egg,asingle egg into the body fluids of the aphid.它正面对面 从右手边直接挡在对手的面前，弯起它的腹部 将一个蛋放进宿主体内，一个蛋进入了蚜虫的体液之中。05:37By the way,the aphid tries to escape.对了，这只蚜虫试图要逃脱。05:49She kicks and bites and secretes different liquids,butnothing will happe

29、n,in fact.它乱踢乱咬，分泌不同的液体，不过结果都没有用。05:52Only the egg of the parasite will be inserted into the bodyfluids of the aphid.寄生者只会放一个蛋 在蚜虫的体液之中。05:58And after a few days,depending upon temperature,the eggwill hatch and the larva of this parasite will eat the aphidfrom the inside.过了几天之后，依据温度状况，蛋就会孵化出来，寄生者的幼虫

30、 会从内部将蚜虫吃掉。06:03This is all natural.This is all natural.这一切都是自然的现象。06:13This is not fiction,nothing at all.这可不是小说里幻想的内容。06:16acrobatic:adj.杂技的;特技的 maneuver:n.军机动;演习;策略;调遣/vi.军机动;演习;调遣;用计谋/vt.军机动;演习;用计;调遣 vis-a-vis:n.面对面的人;相对着;两人对座的长椅/prep.关于;和面对面;同相比/adv.相向着;相对着 bending:n.弯曲度/v.弯曲(bend的ing形式)abdomen

31、:n.腹部;下腹;腹腔 aphid:n.昆蚜虫 secretes:vt.藏匿;私下侵吞;分泌 liquids:n.物液体;流音(liquid复数)larva:n.水产幼体,昆幼虫Again,in your backyard,in your backyard.还有，就在你的后院里，在你的后院里也会发生。06:18But this is the end result.这就是最后的结果。06:23This is the end result:Mummies-M-U-M-M-Y.这就是最后的结果：木乃伊-木-乃-伊。06:25This is the visual result of a dead ap

32、hid encompassing inside,in fact,a developing parasitoid that after a few minutes yousee halfway out.这是蚜虫死亡后的外观。我们看看里面。事实上，寄生者成长的过程中 几分钟后你就会看见它几乎跑出来了。06:31The birth is almost complete.它已经几乎变成成虫了。06:42You can see,by the way,in different movies,etc.,it takes justa few minutes.你可以在完整的纪录片中看见这个。这只不过是几分钟的事

33、情。06:44And if this is a female,shell immediately mate with a maleand off she goes because time is very short.如果这只是雌锋，它会立即和雄蜂交配，之后就会立刻离开，因为它们生命太短。06:49This female can live only three to four days,and she needs togive rise to around 400 eggs.雌蜂只能存活三到四天的时间，它必须生出 大约4百个蛋。06:55That means she has 400 bad a

34、phids to put her eggs intotheir body fluids.意思是说，它必须找到400只 有害的蚜虫 将蛋放进它们的体液中。07:02And this is of course not the end of it.这还没完。07:09There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies and this isjust the last example.还有许多其他的天敌，这只是最后的一个例子。07:11Mummies:木乃伊(mummy的名词复数)encompassing:adj.包含的;包容的,环绕/v.围绕,包围(en

35、compass的ing形式)parasitoid:n.拟寄生物/adj.拟寄生的 give rise to:使发生,引起Again,well start first with the pest:the thrips.我们再回头来看看这个害虫：牧草虫。07:15By the way,all these weird names-I didnt bother you withthe Latin names of these creatures,okay,just the popularnames.对了，关于这些奇怪的名字-我们这边不谈正式的学名，嗯，这些只是俗称而已。07:19But this is

36、 a nice,slender,very bad pest.这是一种很细小，很苗条，很可怕的害虫。07:26If you can see this,sweet peppers.看看这个甜椒。07:30This is not just an exotic,ornamental sweet pepper.这可不是外国品种，也不是装饰用的甜椒，07:32This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable because it issuffering from a viral disease transmitted by those thripadults.这

37、是一个已经不能吃的甜椒，因为它被那些牧草虫所带的 滤过性病毒所感染了。07:35And here comes the natural enemy,minute pirate bug,minute because it is rather small.接下来，天敌登场了，微小的掠食虫，说微小是因为它真的很小。07:44Here you can see the adult,black,and two young ones.你可以看见那只黑色的成虫，还有两只幼虫。07:51And again,in action.接下来又到了行动时间。07:54This adult pierces the thrip

38、s,sucking it within just severalminutes,just going to the other prey,continuing all over theplace.成虫刺穿了牧草虫，只花了几分钟的时间去吸食它，然后就换另一个目标下手，随处持续着吸食。07:56thrips:n.牧草虫 peppers:n.植胡椒;食品胡椒粉(pepper的复数)/v.加胡椒粉于;连续打击;殴打(pepper的第三人称单数)exotic:adj.异国的;外来的;异国情调的 ornamental:adj.装饰的,装饰性的/n.观赏植物;装饰品 viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤

39、过性毒菌的 pirate:n.海盗;盗版;侵犯专利权者/vt.掠夺;翻印;剽窃/vi.做海盗;从事劫掠And if we spread those minute pirate bugs,the good ones,for example,in a sweet pepper plot,they go to the flowers.如果我们散布这种微小的掠食虫，那种益虫，例如在种植甜椒的菜园里，它们会躲藏在花朵中。08:05And look,this flower is flooded with predatory bugs,withthe good ones after wiping out t

40、he bad ones,the thrips.看这里，当那些掠食性的益虫 将那些害虫牧草虫都清理干净后，花朵里挤满了这些益虫。08:14So this is a very positive situation,by the way.所以这是相当正面的情况。08:22No harm to the developing fruit.No harm to the fruit set.对成长中的果实不会有害处，对成熟的果实也没有害处。08:25Everything is just fine under these circumstances.在这种情况下，一切都很美好。08:28But again,t

41、he question is,here you saw them on a one-to-one basis-the pest,the natural enemy.不过问题是，你可以发现这是一种一物克一物的现象-害虫和它的天敌。08:31What we do is actually this.而我们正在做这件事。08:38In Northeast Israel,in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,there is a facilitythat mass-produces those natural enemies.在以色列的东北方，在Sde Eliyahu的集体农场里，有一个机构 正

42、在量产那些天敌。08:41In other words,what we do there,we amplify,we amplify thenatural control,or the biological control phenomenon.换句话说，我们在那儿所做的 就是去放大，我们去放大自然抑制的效果，或该说是生物抑制的机制。08:49flooded:adj.浸没的,淹没的;充斥;洪水浸没的;灌溉/v.淹没(flood的过去分词);发生水灾 wiping:n.擦拭;船消磁/v.擦干;使消失(wipe的ing形式)one-to-one:adj.一对一的;一一对应的 Northeast:a

43、dj.东北的;向东北的;来自东北的/n.东北/adv.向东北;来自东北 Kibbutz:n.基布兹(以色列的集体农场)amplify:vt.放大，扩大；增强；详述/vi.详述And in 30,000 square meters of state-of-the-artgreenhouses,there,we are mass-producing thosepredatory mites,those minute pirate bugs,those parasiticwasps,etc.,etc.在三万五千平方尺的 新型温室之中，我们正在量产那些掠食性的螨，那些微小的掠食性的虫，那些寄生的胡蜂.

44、等等。08:58Many different parts.分成许多不同的区域。09:10By the way,they have a very nice landscape-you see theJordanian Mountains on the one hand and the Jordan Valleyon the other hand,and a good,mild winter and a nice,hotsummer,which is an excellent condition to mass-producethose creatures.对了，那儿有很棒的风景。一边有约旦山脉，

45、另一边有约旦溪谷，还有很棒，很温和的冬天，以及很赞，很热的夏天，对于量产这些生物来说，这些都是极佳的条件。09:12And by the way,mass-production-it is not geneticmanipulation.对了，这边说的量产，并不是基因改造工程。09:27There are no GMOs-Genetically Modified Organisms-whatsoever.没有转基因生物 genetically modifiedorganisms(生物基因改造)这种事。09:31We take them from nature,and the only thin

46、g that we do,wegive them the optimal conditions,under the greenhouses orin the climate rooms,in order to proliferate,multiply andreproduce.我们从自然界把益虫找来，我们只做一?件事，我们提供最佳的条件，在温室之中，或是在恒温室里，使得这些益虫能够 快速地大量繁殖。09:35state-of-the-art:adj.最先进的;已经发展的;达到最高水准的 greenhouses:n.温室(greenhouse的复数)mass-producing:vt.大量生产

47、wasps:n.昆黄蜂;昆胡蜂(wasp的复数形式);马蜂 on the one hand:一方面 on the otherhand:另一方面 manipulation:n.操纵;操作;处理;篡改 Genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面 Modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的/v.修改;缓和(modify的过去分词)optimal:adj.最佳的;最理想的 proliferate:vi.增殖;扩散;激增/vt.使激增And thats what we get,in fact.事实上，这也正是我们所得到的结果。09:48You see under a microsco

48、pe.从显微镜下你可以看见，09:50You see in the upper left corner,you see a single predatorymite.在左上角有单只的掠食性螨。09:52And this is the whole bunch of predatory mites.我们这是在量产那种掠食性螨。09:55You see this ampoule.You see this one.看看这个小瓶子。09:58I have one gram of those predatory mites.这儿有一克的掠食性螨。10:01One grams 80,000 individu

49、als,80,000 individuals are goodenough to control one acre,4,000 square meters,of astrawberry plot against spider mites for the whole season ofalmost one year.一克里有八万只，八万只螨 已经足以 在一英亩，也就是四千平方尺 的草莓田中，在一整年的采收季节里，去解决那些蜘蛛螨。10:04And we can produce from this,believe you me,severaldozens of kilograms on an an

50、nual basis.而藉由这个，我们每年可以生产出 几十公斤的数量。10:23So this is what I call amplification of the phenomenon.这就是我说的 去放大这种自然机制。10:31And no,we do not disrupt the balance.我们并不是在破坏生态平衡。10:35On the contrary,because we bring it to every cultural plotwhere the balance was already disrupted by the chemicals.相反的，我们将这些益虫导入