DamonHorowitz_2011X[达蒙.霍罗威茨][道德操作系统].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Power.能力00:12That is the word that comes to mind.是我们时时在想的00:14Were the new technologists.我们是新时代的技术人员00:16We have a lot of data,so we have a lot of power.我们有很多信息,这样我们就有能力00:18How much power do we have?多少能力呢？00:21Scene from a movie:Apocalypse Now-great movie.想像电影“现代启示录”,这电影绝了00:23Weve got

2、 to get our hero,Captain Willard,to the mouth ofthe Nung River so he can go pursue Colonel Kurtz.里面有个英雄,卫尔沃德上尉,来到怒河的入海口 去追踪科特兹上校00:26The way were going to do this is fly him in and drop him off.想像他飞到那里,下飞机00:31So the scene:the sky is filled with this fleet of helicopterscarrying him in.想像这个情景:天空布满了陪

3、他来的直升飞机00:33And theres this loud,thrilling music in the background,thiswild music.背景音乐震人心肺 非常野性00:38?Dum da ta da dum?Dum da ta da dum?00:42?Dum da ta da dum?Dum da ta da dum?00:44?Da ta da da?Da ta da da?00:46technologists:n.技术人员(technologist的复数);劳经技术专家 Apocalypse:n.启示;天启 helicopters:n.直升机(helicopt

4、er复数形式)thrilling:adj.毛骨悚然的;令人兴奋的;颤动的Thats a lot of power.充满了力量00:49Thats the kind of power I feel in this room.这就是我在这个房间里感觉到的能量00:51Thats the kind of power we have because of all of the datathat we have.这就是我们拥有的能量 就因为我们拥有信息00:53Lets take an example.举个例子00:57What can we do with just one persons data?

5、用个人信息 我们能做什么呢？00:59What can we do with that guys data?用这位先生的信息 我们能做什么？01:04I can look at your financial records.我可以查看你的财政历史01:08I can tell if you pay your bills on time.看你是不是按时付账单01:10I know if youre good to give a loan to.来决定给不给你贷款01:12I can look at your medical records;I can see if your pump issti

6、ll pumping-see if youre good to offer insurance to.我可以浏览你的医疗病历,看你的心脏好不好 来决定给不给你保险01:14I can look at your clicking patterns.我可以跟踪你上网的习惯01:20When you come to my website,I actually know what youregoing to do already because Ive seen you visit millions ofwebsites before.当你访问我的网站时,我已经知道你会怎么做了 因为我已经看到你以前是

7、怎么访问成千上万个网站的01:22And Im sorry to tell you,youre like a poker player,you havea tell.我不得不说 你就像是个赌客,你能被看透01:27I can tell with data analysis what youre going to do beforeyou even do it.就凭你的信息我能看透你将会做什么 在你还没做之前01:31pumping:n.机抽吸;脉动;抽气效应/v.抽水(pump的ing形式)I know what you like.I know who you are,and thats ev

8、enbefore I look at your mail or your phone.我知道你喜欢什么,我知道你是谁 在我看你的邮件之前 看你的电话之前01:35Those are the kinds of things we can do with the data that wehave.现今我们能这样做了 凭着我们有的信息01:42But Im not actually here to talk about what we can do.但我来这里不是谈我们能做什么01:47Im here to talk about what we should do.我是来谈谈我们应该做什么01:53

9、Whats the right thing to do?如何善用信息？01:57Now I see some puzzled looks like,Why are you asking uswhats the right thing to do?我看到一些人迷惑了 好像在想:“为什么你问我们应该如何善用信息？02:01Were just building this stuff.Somebody else is using it.我们只管把技术推出来,用是别人的事情。”02:06Fair enough.就算你对02:09But it brings me back.但这正是我要说的02:12I t

10、hink about World War II-some of our great technologists想想二次世界大战 很多我们最优秀的技术人员 最优秀的物理学家 在研究核裂变和核聚变 都是关于TED演讲者：Damon Horowitz|达蒙.霍罗威茨演讲标题：Damon Horowitz calls for a moral operating system|道德操作系统内容概要：Damon Horowitz explores what is possible at the boundaries of technology and thehumanities.在硅谷的TEDx讲台上，达

11、蒙.霍罗威茨总结了技术带来的前所未有的巨大能量:懂得更多，尤其是对他人，他将听众带入哲学的讨论中，提醒我们重新关注层出不穷的新发明背后的基本哲学道德原则。可行的道德操作系统在哪里?I think about World War II-some of our great technologiststhen,some of our great physicists,studying nuclear fissionand fusion-just nuclear stuff.优秀的物理学家 在研究核裂变和核聚变 都是关于核的02:14We gather together these physicist

12、s in Los Alamos to seewhat theyll build.我们把这些科学家请到洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室来看看他们想用这些技术来做什么02:24We want the people building the technology thinking aboutwhat we should be doing with the technology.我们希望,人们能够在发明新技术时 时时想着我们应该怎么用这些技术02:30puzzled:adj.困惑的;茫然的;搞糊涂的 physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数)fission:n.裂变;分裂;分体

13、;分裂生殖法 fusion:n.融合;熔化;熔接;融合物;物核聚变 Alamos:n.偶氮磷So what should we be doing with that guys data?话说回来,我们应该怎么用这位先生的信息？02:38Should we be collecting it,gathering it,so we can make hisonline experience better?我们应不应该收集他的信息 来使他的上网冲浪的体验更好？02:41So we can make money?我们应不应该用这些信息来赚钱？02:46So we can protect ourselve

14、s if he was up to no good?应不应该用这些信息来自我保护 以防万一他干坏事？02:48Or should we respect his privacy,protect his dignity andleave him alone?还是我们应该尊重他的隐私 为他保留尊严,不要烦他？02:52Which one is it?哪一个办法更好？02:59How should we figure it out?怎么做决定？03:02I know:crowdsource.Lets crowdsource this.我知道:集思广益。让我们来听听大家的意见03:04So to get

15、 people warmed up,lets start with an easy question-something Im sure everybody here has an opinion about:iPhone versus Android.先来个热身题 简单的问题 这个问题我相信大家都有倾向 苹果电话还是谷歌Android电话？03:08Lets do a show of hands-iPhone.让我们举手表决,支持苹果的03:18Uh huh.03:21Android.现在支持谷歌Android的03:23Youd think with a bunch of smart pe

16、ople we wouldnt besuch suckers just for the pretty phones.原以为这里都是聪明人 不会只为了漂亮徒有其表而盲目消费。03:26no good:很糟,没有用 warmed:adj.温暖的;热情的/vi.同情;激动;变温暖/vt.使兴奋;使温暖;使感兴趣/n.取暖;加热versus:prep.对；与.相对；对抗 Android:n.机器人;安卓操作系统 a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆 suckers:n.吸咀(sucker复数)www.XiYuS锡育软件(Laughter)Next question,a little bit hard

17、er.（笑声）下一个问题,有点难03:30Should we be collecting all of that guys data to make hisexperiences better and to protect ourselves in case hes up tono good?我们应不应该收集这位先生的信息 来让他的体验更好 同时来保护我们自身,万一他干坏事？03:36Or should we leave him alone?还是我们应该不管他？03:43Collect his data.支持收集信息的03:45Leave him alone.支持不管他的03:50Youre

18、safe.Its fine.（这位先生）你是安全的03:53(Laughter)Okay,last question-harder question-whentrying to evaluate what we should do in this case,should weuse a Kantian deontological moral framework,or should weuse a Millian consequentialist one?（笑声）现在,最后一个问题 更难一点当我们试图决定 我们应该怎么做的时候 是应该用康德的义务论道德框架,还是用米利安的结果主义论？03:55K

19、ant.支持康德的04:16Mill.支持米利安的04:19Not as many votes.没什么人知道哦。04:22(Laughter)Yeah,thats a terrifying result.（笑声）这是个惊人的结果04:24Terrifying,because we have stronger opinions about ourhand-held devices than about the moral framework weshould use to guide our decisions.惊人,因为我们关心 手持设备的电话 比关心道德理论更多 我们应该用这些理论来指导我们

20、的决定04:31How do we know what to do with all the power we have if wedont have a moral framework?如何决定我们该怎么来使用我们所拥有的能力 如果我们连道德框架都没有？04:41terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的/v.使害怕,使恐怖(terrify的现在分词)hand-held:adj.手提式的,便携式的We know more about mobile operating systems,but what wereally need is a moral operating syst

21、em.我们对移动电话操作系统知道得越来越多 但是我们需要知道的是道德的操作系统04:47Whats a moral operating system?什么是道德操作系统？04:55We all know right and wrong,right?我们知道什么是对,什么是错04:57You feel good when you do something right,you feel badwhen you do something wrong.你做对了的时候,自我感觉挺好 如果你做错了你觉得自责04:59Our parents teach us that:praise with the goo

22、d,scold withthe bad.父母亲教导我们,奖对惩错05:03But how do we figure out whats right and wrong?但是怎么才能知道什么是对什么是错？05:06And from day to day,we have the techniques that we use.尤其是当每天新技术都层出不穷05:09Maybe we just follow our gut.说不定我们可以就靠本能05:12Maybe we take a vote-we crowdsource.说不定我们需要推选群众意见集思广益05:15Or maybe we punt-

23、ask the legal department,see whatthey say.或者我们赌一把 问法律专家的意见,看他们怎么说05:18In other words,its kind of random,kind of ad hoc,how wefigure out what we should do.也就是说,我们作出决定的办法 很随机 很即兴05:23And maybe,if we want to be on surer footing,what we reallywant is a moral framework that will help guide us there,thatw

24、ill tell us what kinds of things are right and wrong in thefirst place,and how would we know in a given situation whatto do.或者,如果我们想更保险些 只想要一个好的道德框架,我们能用来自己弄明白的 能帮我们明辨对错 帮我们决定什么情况下做什么05:30from day to day:一天天地 gut:n.内脏;肠子;剧情;胆量;海峡;勇气;直觉;肠/vt.取出内脏;摧毁(建筑物等)的内部/adj.简单的;本质的,根本的;本能的,直觉的 punt:n.踢悬空球;平底船;下赌

25、注者/vt.推掉工作;踢悬空球/vi.弃踢;撒手不干;乘方头平底船;下赌注footing:n.基础;立足处;社会关系;合计/v.步行;在上行走;总计(foot的ing形式)in the first place:首先;起初So lets get a moral framework.让我们找到一个道德框架05:43Were numbers people,living by numbers.我们用很多数字,生活在数字中05:45How can we use numbers as the basis for a moral framework?怎么用数字 来建立一个道德框架？05:48I know a

26、 guy who did exactly that.我知道一个人专门干这个的05:53A brilliant guy-hes been dead 2,500 years.很聪明的人 2500年前就死了05:56Plato,thats right.柏拉图。对了06:02Remember him-old philosopher?还记得他？老哲学家？06:04You were sleeping during that class.在他的教学课上,你可能睡过去了。06:06And Plato,he had a lot of the same concerns that we did.柏拉图,他有很多我

27、们有的担心06:09He was worried about right and wrong.他担心如何辨明是非06:11He wanted to know what is just.他希望知道怎么衡量06:13But he was worried that all we seem to be doing is tradingopinions about this.他担心我们现在做的 不过是交换意见06:15He says somethings just.She says something else is just.你一个主意我一个主意06:19Its kind of convincing

28、when he talks and when she talks too.听起来都很有理06:22Im just going back and forth;Im not getting anywhere.我只是前瞻后顾,最后还是没结果06:24I dont want opinions;I want knowledge.我不需要意见,我需要的是真理06:26convincing:adj.令人信服的;有说服力的/v.使相信;使明白(convince的现在分词)I want to know the truth about justice-like we have truthsin math.我需要知

29、道什么是有关正义的真理-就像我们研究什么是数学的真理一样06:29In math,we know the objective facts.在数学中,我们使用客观的事实06:35Take a number,any number-two.比如将一个数字,任何数字二06:38Favorite number.I love that number.个人最爱06:40There are truths about two.二有一些事实可讲06:42If youve got two of something,you add two more,you getfour.如果你有两个东西 你再加上两个,就是四个06

30、:44Thats true no matter what thing youre talking about.这是真理,不管你讨论的东西是什么06:48Its an objective truth about the form of two,the abstractform.这是关于二的客观真理 抽象性06:50When you have two of anything-two eyes,two ears,twonoses,just two protrusions-those all partake of the formof two.当你有两个东西,任何东西两只眼睛,两只耳朵,两个鼻子 或者

31、仅仅是两个小突起 他们都是二的表现06:54They all participate in the truths that two has.都分享了关于二的事实07:01They all have two-ness in them.都有二在其中07:05And therefore,its not a matter of opinion.所以,个人情绪没关系07:07What if,Plato thought,ethics was like math?如果柏拉图考虑 道德,就像数学一样,会怎么样？07:10noses:n.鼻子(nose复数)protrusions:n.突出;突出物(protru

32、sion的复数形式)partake of:吃光;带有;参加 participate in:参加;分享 ethics:n.伦理学;伦理观;道德标准What if there were a pure form of justice?如果真有纯粹的公正,会怎么样？07:14What if there are truths about justice,and you could just lookaround in this world and see which things participated,partook of that form of justice?如果公正真有绝对的事实,你可以环顾

33、四周 看能用在什么上 什么东西有着绝对的公正,会怎么样？07:17Then you would know what was really just and what wasnt.这样你就能知道什么是真的对,什么是真的错07:26It wouldnt be a matter of just opinion or just appearances.和事情的外表 和个人的观点都没有关系07:29Thats a stunning vision.这是个诱人的观点07:34I mean,think about that.How grand.How ambitious.我是说,想象一下,多么壮观,多么充满雄

34、心07:36Thats as ambitious as we are.这是我们最大的野心了07:39He wants to solve ethics.他希望解决道德的问题07:41He wants objective truths.他希望客观的事实07:43If you think that way,you have a Platonist moral framework.如果你这么想 你就有柏拉图式的道德观。07:45If you dont think that way,well,you have a lot of company inthe history of Western philo

35、sophy,because the tidy idea,youknow,people criticized it.如果你不这么认为 那你就在西方哲学史上有很多同僚 因为人们总爱挑剔这简明的观点。07:51Aristotle,in particular,he was not amused.特别是亚里士多德,他就不买帐07:58participated:v.参与;分享(participate的过去式)partook:v.分享(partake的过去式)stunning:adj.极好的;使人晕倒的;震耳欲聋的/v.把打昏;使震耳欲聋;使大吃一惊(stun的ing形式)ambitious:adj.野心勃

36、勃的；有雄心的；热望的；炫耀的criticized:批评 Aristotle:n.亚里士多德 in particular:尤其,特别 amused:adj.愉快的,顽皮的;被逗乐的/v.逗笑(amuse的过去分词);使欢乐He thought it was impractical.他觉得这不实际08:01Aristotle said,We should seek only so much precision ineach subject as that subject allows.亚里士多德说:“我们看每个物体 都只能精确到这个物体允许的程度。”08:04Aristotle thought

37、ethics wasnt a lot like math.亚里士多德认为道德不像是数学08:10He thought ethics was a matter of making decisions in thehere-and-now using our best judgment to find the rightpath.他认为道德是我在当时当地 作出的最好的判断 从而引导我们的决定08:13If you think that,Platos not your guy.如果你这么想,柏拉图就不是你这边的了08:20But dont give up.但是别放弃08:22Maybe theres

38、 another way that we can use numbers as thebasis of our moral framework.或者还有一条路 我们能用数字,作为我们道德观的基础。08:24How about this:What if in any situation you could justcalculate,look at the choices,measure out which onesbetter and know what to do?这个怎么样:如果你能在任何情况下都算出 衡量所有的选择 算出怎么做更好,什么应该做？08:30That sound famili

39、ar?听起来熟悉是不是？08:40Thats a utilitarian moral framework.这就是实用主义的道德观08:42John Stuart Mill was a great advocate of this-nice guybesides-and only been dead 200 years.约翰斯图尔特密尔是大支持者 很友善的一个人 可惜死了两百年了08:45So basis of utilitarianism-Im sure youre familiar at least.所以实用主义的基础 我详细你们都略知一二08:51impractical:adj.不切实际的

40、,不现实的;不能实行的 measure out:按量配给 utilitarian:adj.功利的;功利主义的;实利的/n.功利主义者 advocate:vt.提倡,主张,拥护/n.提倡者;支持者;律师The three people who voted for Mill before are familiar withthis.刚才三个米尔的支持者肯定知道08:55But heres the way it works.我还是讲讲这个怎么运作的08:57What if morals,what if what makes something moral is just amatter of if

41、it maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain?假如道德,道德的内涵 只是为了最大的享受 和最少的痛苦？08:59It does something intrinsic to the act.这在根本上决定了我们的行为09:06Its not like its relation to some abstract form.看起来和任何抽象的形式有关09:09Its just a matter of the consequences.只是一系列的必然结果09:11You just look at the consequences and see if,overa

42、ll,its forthe good or for the worse.你只看必然结果 看总的来说是好结果还是坏结果09:13That would be simple.Then we know what to do.这看起来简单,然后我们就知道怎么做09:17Lets take an example.让我们看一个例子09:19Suppose I go up and I say,Im going to take your phone.假设我上前 说:“我要没收你的手机。”09:21Not just because it rang earlier,but Im going to take itbe

43、cause I made a little calculation.不仅仅是因为刚才你的手机响了 而是因为我刚算计了一下09:25familiar with:熟悉 morals:n.道德 maximizes:vt.取最大值;对极为重视/vi.尽可能广义地解释;达到最大值minimizes:vt.使减到最少;小看,极度轻视/vi.最小化 intrinsic:adj.本质的，固有的 consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数)for the worse:恶化;向坏的方面转化 rang:v.包围;成环形(ring的过去式)I thought,that guy loo

44、ks suspicious.我觉得,这个人看起来可疑09:30And what if hes been sending little messages to Bin Ladenshideout-or whoever took over after Bin Laden-and hesactually like a terrorist,a sleeper cell.说不定他是在给本拉登的藏身处发消息 或者是跟本拉登的接班人发消息 他看起来真像是恐怖分子,一个卧底09:33www.XiYuS锡育软件Im going to find that out,and when I find that out,

45、Im goingto prevent a huge amount of damage that he could cause.我得把他揪出来,当我揪他时 我就能防止他将带来一个大危害09:41That has a very high utility to prevent that damage.防止这个危害的结果非常有意义09:47And compared to the little pain that its going to cause-because its going to be embarrassing when Im looking onhis phone and seeing t

46、hat he has a Farmville problem andthat whole bit-thats overwhelmed by the value of lookingat the phone.和我的行为将带来的小小痛苦相比 因为在我检查他的手机的时候 要是看到他只是在玩线上游戏,是挺丢人的 但是这不抵 检查手机能带来的价值09:50If you feel that way,thats a utilitarian choice.如果你这么想 就是实用主义的选择10:02But maybe you dont feel that way either.可能你也并不赞同这个做法10:07

47、Maybe you think,its his phone.可能你会想,这是他的手机10:10Its wrong to take his phone because hes a person and hehas rights and he has dignity,and we cant just interferewith that.拿他的手机是不对的 他是个人 他有人权,有尊严我们不能干涉10:12Bin:n.箱子,容器;二进制/vt.把放入箱中 Laden:adj.负载的;装满的;苦恼的/vt.装载(等于lade)/vi.装载(等于lade)/v.装载(lade的过去分词)hideout:

48、n.隐匿处 embarrassing:adj.使人尴尬的;令人为难的 overwhelmed:v.受打击,压倒(overwhelm的过去式);淹没/adj.受宠若惊的,使不知所措 interfere with:干扰,干涉;妨碍;触动或弄坏;乱动;与抵触He has autonomy.他有自主权10:20It doesnt matter what the calculations are.不管计算结果是什么10:22There are things that are intrinsically wrong-like lying iswrong,like torturing innocent ch

49、ildren is wrong.这个举动在本质上是错误的 就像撒谎是错误的 像是折磨无辜的孩童是错误的10:24Kant was very good on this point,and he said it a little betterthan Ill say it.康德非常坚持这一点 他解释得更好一点10:32He said we should use our reason to figure out the rules bywhich we should guide our conduct,and then it is our dutyto follow those rules.他说我们

50、应该用我们自己的理由 来弄明白决定该怎么做的准则 接下来我们的责任是遵守这些准则10:37Its not a matter of calculation.不是关于计算。10:45So lets stop.别再算了10:48Were right in the thick of it,this philosophical thicket.我们正在这错综复杂的哲学中间10:50And this goes on for thousands of years,because these arehard questions,and Ive only got 15 minutes.而且已经像这样上千年了 因