SophieScott_2015[苏菲.斯科特][我们为什么会笑].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Hi.Im going to talk to you today about laughter,and I justwant to start by thinking about the first time大家好,今天我要跟大家讲讲笑。我想从我记忆里第一次00:12I can ever remember noticing laughter.意识到笑这个概念开始讲起。00:18This is when I was a little girl.I wouldve been about six.那是在我还是个小女孩的时候。我应该是6岁左右。00:20And I came

2、across my parents doing something unusual,where they were laughing.我见到父母在做一些不寻常的事,那是他们正在笑。00:23They were laughing very,very hard.他们笑得特别、特别夸张。00:28They were lying on the floor laughing.他们笑得躺到了地上。00:30They were screaming with laughter.他们笑得尖叫了起来。00:32I did not know what they were laughing at,but I want

3、ed in.我不知道他们在笑什么,但我想要加入。00:34I wanted to be part of that,and I kind of sat around at theedge going,Hoo hoo!(Laughter)Now,incidentally,whatthey were laughing at was a song which people used to sing,which was based around signs in toilets on trains telling youwhat you could and could not do in toilets

4、 on trains.我想成为他们中的一个,然后我就围坐在边上跟着那样,“唬唬！”（笑声）顺带一提,他们笑的是一首人们常唱的歌,那是根据火车上厕所里的标语写成的歌 旨在告诉你,在火车上的厕所里 哪些事能做,哪些不能做。00:38And the thing you have to remember about the English is,ofcourse,we do have an immensely sophisticated sense ofhumor.当然,你必须记得英国人 拥有的那种高深莫测的幽默感。00:57incidentally:adv.顺便；偶然地；附带地 toilets:n.

5、建厕所;洗手间;坐便器(toilet的复数)/v.上厕所(toilet的三单形式);梳妆immensely:adv.极大地;无限地;广大地;庞大地 sophisticated:adj.复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的/v.使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改(sophisticate的过去分词形式)(Laughter)At the time,though,I didnt understand anythingof that.（笑声）当时,尽管,我对这种幽默感完全无法理解。01:03I just cared about the laughter,and actually,as aneuroscient

6、ist,Ive come to care about it again.我只是关注于笑声,然后实际上,作为一名神经学家,我现在要回去研究它了。01:07And it is a really weird thing to do.这真是一件奇怪的事。01:12What Im going to do now is just play some examples of realhuman beings laughing,and I want you think about thesound people make and how odd that can be,and in facthow primi

7、tive laughter is as a sound.现在,我会播放一些真人发笑的片段,大家来听听那些人的声音,想想它们有多奇怪,以及笑声实际上是一个种多么原始的声音。与其说它是一种语言,01:15Its much more like an animal call than it is like speech.还不如说是一种动物式的叫唤。01:25So here weve got some laughter for you.The first one ispretty joyful.所以现在我们来听一些笑声。第一个很好玩。01:28(Audio:Laughing)Now this next

8、guy,I need him to breathe.（音频:笑声）然后是下一位朋友,我想他得呼吸一下了。01:31Theres a point in there where Im just,like,youve got to getsome air in there,mate,because he just sounds like hesbreathing out.他的笑很有特点,就像 你得来点氧气,伙计,因为他听起来就快断气了。01:50(Audio:Laughing)This hasnt been edited;this is him.（音频:笑声）这声音是未经编辑的;这就是他。01:56

9、(Audio:Laughing)(Laughter)And finally we have-this is ahuman female laughing.（音频:笑声）（笑声）最后我们来听一位女性人类的笑声。02:08odd:adj.奇数的;古怪的;剩余的;临时的;零散的/n.奇数;怪人;奇特的事物 joyful:adj.欢喜的;令人高兴的And laughter can take us to some pretty odd places in termsof making noises.笑可以把我们带入一种非常奇怪的状态,就像在制造噪音。02:18(Audio:Laughing)She ac

10、tually says,Oh my God,what isthat?in French.（音频:笑声）她其实是在用法语说:“我的天,那是个啥？”02:22Were all kind of with her.I have no idea.我们都有点被她感染了。我也不知道为什么。02:44Now,to understand laughter,you have to look at a part ofthe body that psychologists and neuroscientists dont那么,为了理解笑,你必须重新认识 心理学家和神经学家通常不会花太多时间去关注的部位 那就是胸廓。它

11、看起来不是很厉害,但实际上,你每时TED演讲者：Sophie Scott|苏菲.斯科特演讲标题：Why we laugh|我们为什么会笑内容概要：Did you know that you.re 30 times more likely to laugh if you.re with somebody elsethan if you.re alone?Cognitive neuroscientist Sophie Scott shares this and other surprisingfacts about laughter in this fast-paced,action-packed

12、 and,yes,hilarious dash through thescience of the topic.你知道吗，当你与别人在一起时，发笑的几率是自己独处时的30倍？在这个快节奏、动感十足，并且爆笑的科学话题里，认知神经科学家苏菲.斯科特分享了这一研究，以及其他关于笑的惊人事实。the body that psychologists and neuroscientists dontnormally spend much time looking at,which is the ribcage,and it doesnt seem terribly exciting,but actual

13、ly youre allusing your ribcage all the time.是胸廓。它看起来不是很厉害,但实际上,你每时每刻都在使用你的胸廓。02:48What youre all doing at the moment with your ribcage,anddont stop doing it,is breathing.你随时都在用你的胸廓做的事 千万别停,就是呼吸。03:00So you use the intercostal muscles,the muscles betweenyour ribs,to bring air in and out of your lungs

14、 just byexpanding and contracting your ribcage,所以你用肋间肌,也就是你肋骨之间的肌肉 来把空气吸入和排出肺部。这是通过胸廓的舒张和收缩来完成的。03:05and if I was to put a strap around the outside of your chestcalled a breath belt,and just look at that movement,you seea rather gentle sinusoidal movement,so thats breathing.而如果我把一条呼吸带缠在你的胸膛 然后观察它的运动

15、,你会看到一个相当温和的正弦曲线运动,而那就是呼吸的过程。03:12in terms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词 psychologists:n.心理心理学家(psychologist的复数形式)ribcage:n.胸腔;胸廓 intercostal:adj.解剖肋间的;间断的;叶脉间的/n.肋间部分;船间断构件 ribs:n.解剖肋骨;排骨(rib的复数)contracting:adj.缔约的;承包的;收缩的 outside of:在的外面;超出的范围Youre all doing it.Dont stop.你们大家现在都正在做这件事。别停。03:21As soon as you st

16、art talking,you start using your breathingcompletely differently.在你开始讲话的同时,你也开始用完全不同的方式进行呼吸。03:22So what Im doing now is you see something much more likethis.所以我现在正在做的事有点像这张图上的曲线。03:26In talking,you use very fine movements of the ribcage tosqueeze the air out-and in fact,were the only animals thatca

17、n do this.在讲话时,你可以很好地利用胸廓的运动 来把空气挤出去 而实际上,我们是唯一一种可以做这件事的动物。03:29Its why we can talk at all.这就是我们为什么可以讲话的原因。03:36Now,both talking and breathing has a mortal enemy,andthat enemy is laughter,because what happens when youlaugh is those same muscles start to contract very regularly,and you get this very

18、marked sort of zig-zagging,and thatsjust squeezing the air out of you.然而,无论是说话还是呼吸都有一个致命的敌人,那就是笑。因为当你在笑的时候,刚才那些肌肉全都开始频繁地收缩,因此你就会产生这种非常明显的锯齿状（运动图线）,而这个过程只会把空气排出你的身体。03:37It literally is that basic a way of making a sound.这确实是一个发出声音的基本方式。03:53You could be stamping on somebody,its having the sameeffect

19、.它具有相同的效果。03:56Youre just squeezing air out,and each of those contractions-Ha!-gives you a sound.你只是在把空气排出去。而每一次那种收缩哈！都使你发出了声音。03:59squeeze:vt.挤;紧握;勒索/vi.压榨/n.压榨;紧握;拥挤;佣金 mortal:adj.凡人的;致死的;终有一死的;不共戴天的/n.人类,凡人squeezing:n.压榨;推挤;挤出酌;轧水/v.挤压;握住;硬塞进;紧抱;敲诈(squeeze的ing形式)/adj.挤压的;压榨的 stamping:v.冲压/n.冲击制品

20、contractions:n.收缩;缩略形式(contraction的复数)And as the contractions run together,you can get thesespasms,and thats when you start getting these-(Wheezing)-things happening.所以当这些收缩都在一起发生时,你就产生了这类痉挛,这让你开始做出（窒息声）这样的反应。04:03Im brilliant at this.(Laughter)Now,in terms of the science oflaughter,there isnt very

21、much,but it does turn out thatpretty much everything we think we know about laughter iswrong.我超擅长这个。（笑声）目前,说到关于笑的科学研究,还不太多,但从现有的研究看来,我们之前对笑的理解 全部都是错的。04:10So its not at all unusual,for example,to hear people to sayhumans are the only animals that laugh.所以没什么好奇怪的比如,有的人会说 人类是唯一会笑的动物。04:23Nietzsche tho

22、ught that humans are the only animals thatlaugh.尼采认为,人类才是唯一会笑的动物。04:28In fact,you find laughter throughout the mammals.但实际上,所有的哺乳类动物都会笑。04:30Its been well-described and well-observed in primates,butyou also see it in rats,and wherever you find it-humans,primates,rats-you find it associated with thin

23、gs liketickling.（笑这个现象）在灵长类动物身上得到了很好的观察和描述,但你也可以在老鼠身上观察到,而无论你在哪发现了它 人类,灵长类,鼠类 你都会发现它们是伴随着挠痒之类的活动。04:33Thats the same for humans.这在人类身上也适用。04:43You find it associated with play,and all mammals play.你会发现笑是在玩耍中发生的,而所有的哺乳类动物都会玩耍。04:46spasms:n.肌痉挛(spasm的复数)mammals:n.古生哺乳类;哺乳类动物(mammal的复数);哺乳纲 primates:n.

24、灵长类tickling:n.自旋挠痒法;反馈/v.使发痒(tickle的ing形式)And wherever you find it,its associated with interactions.而无论它在哪里发生,发生时也总是与互动有关。04:51So Robert Provine,who has done a lot of work on this,haspointed out that you are 30 times more likely to laugh if youare with somebody else than if youre on your own,and所以Ro

25、bert Provine,在这方面进行大量研究之后指出 你和别的人在一起的时候,比你一个人单独呆着 发笑的概率高出30倍。而几乎所有的笑 都发生在社交过程中,比如与人交谈。04:55are with somebody else than if youre on your own,andwhere you find most laughter is in social interactions likeconversation.生在社交过程中,比如与人交谈。04:55So if you ask human beings,When do you laugh?所以如果你问人类:“你会在什么时候笑？”

26、05:10theyll talk about comedy and theyll talk about humor andtheyll talk about jokes.他们会说遇到滑稽的、幽默的事,或是讲笑话的时候。05:13If you look at when they laugh,theyre laughing with theirfriends.如果你观察他们发笑的时机,会发现那都是和朋友在一起的时候。05:17And when we laugh with people,were hardly ever actuallylaughing at jokes.而当我们一起大笑时,我们实际

27、上很少是为某个笑话而笑的。05:20www.XiYuS锡育软件You are laughing to show people that you understand them,that you agree with them,that youre part of the same groupas them.你笑了,可能是为了表达你理解了对方,你同意他们的观点,你跟他们站在同一边。05:23Youre laughing to show that you like them.你笑了,可能是为了表达你喜欢他们。05:29You might even love them.甚至可能是爱着他们。05:31

28、Youre doing all that at the same time as talking to them,andthe laughter is doing a lot of that emotional work for you.你在与人交谈的同时做着所有的这一切,而你的笑替你完成了大量的这种情绪表达工作。05:33interactions:n.计交互,相互作用;相互交流(interaction复数)hardly ever:几乎不;几乎从来不Something that Robert Provine has pointed out,as you cansee here,and the

29、reason why we were laughing when weheard those funny laughs at the start,and why I was laughingwhen I found my parents laughing,is that its an enormouslybehaviorally contagious effect.Robert Provine 指出的一些事情,就像你在这儿看到的,就是我们发笑的原因。我们刚才听到的那些搞笑的笑声,以及我在看到父母狂笑的时候,为什么会想笑,是因为,它其实是一个巨大的行为上的传染效应。05:38You can ca

30、tch laughter from somebody else,and you aremore likely to catch laughter off somebody else if you knowthem.你可以从别人那里获得笑点,而且这在熟人之间更容易发生。05:51So its still modulated by this social context.所以这依然是被社会环境所调控的现象。05:57You have to put humor to one side and think about the socialmeaning of laughter because that

31、s where its origins lie.你得把幽默放到一边,而去考虑笑的社会意义。因为这是它的起源所在。05:59Now,something Ive got very interested in is different kindsof laughter,and we have some neurobiological evidenceabout how human beings vocalize that suggests there mightbe two kinds of laughs that we have.我非常感兴趣的一点是,笑有多少个不同的种类,我们有一些关于人类表达的

32、神经生物学的证据表明 我们可能只有2种类型的笑。06:05So it seems possible that the neurobiology for helpless,involuntary laughter,like my parents lying on the floorscreaming about a silly song,might have a different basis toit than some of that more polite所以看起来,很有可能,那种难以抑制的、不由自主的笑,就像我父母为一首愚蠢的歌笑得躺在地上尖叫的那种笑,可能与那种非常温和的,你常遇到的那

33、种社交性质的笑06:18as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的 enormously:adv.巨大地，庞大地；非常地，在极大程度上 behaviorally:adv.行为;举止 contagious:adj.感染性的;会蔓延的 modulated:adj.已调的;被调的/v.调整,调节;吟咏;改变(嗓音的)音量(modulate的过去分词)vocalize:vi.发声;喊叫/vt.使发成元音;使发声 neurobiology:n.神经生物学 involuntary:adj.无意识的;自然而然的;不知不觉的social laughter that you encounter,w

34、hich isnt horriblelaughter,but its behavior somebody is doing as part of theircommunicative act to you,part of their interaction with you;they are choosing to do this.有着神经神物学上的本质区别。但它依然是人们进行交际时的一种行为表现,是与人交互的一部分;是他们选择的互动方式。06:29In our evolution,we have developed two different ways ofvocalizing.在我们的进化

35、过程中,我们产生了2种不同的表达方式。06:40Involuntary vocalizations are part of an older system thanthe more voluntary vocalizations like the speech Im doingnow.不自主的表达属于比较古老的一套表达系统,而自愿性地表达,就像我现在正在做的这个演讲,则属于新的系统。06:43So we might imagine that laughter might actually have twodifferent roots.所以我们可以想象,笑实际上可能来自于2个完全不同的根源。0

36、6:49So Ive been looking at this in more detail.我对这方面做了更细致的研究。06:53To do this,weve had to make recordings of people laughing,and weve had to do whatever it takes to make people laugh,and we got those same people to produce more posed,social laughter.为了做这个,我们必须录下人们的笑声,首先我们得,想尽办法把人们逗笑,然后我们再让同样的人,去呈现装腔作

37、势的、社交性质的笑。06:55So imagine your friend told a joke,and youre laughingbecause you like your friend,but not really because thejokes all that.所以假设你的朋友讲了个笑话,你被逗笑了,因为你喜欢你的朋友 但完全不是因为笑话很好笑。07:04communicative:adj.交际的;爱说话的,健谈的;无隐讳交谈的 vocalizing:vi.发声;喊叫/vt.使发成元音;使发声 vocalizations:n.发声,发音;发声法 posed:v.形成(pose的过

38、去分词);摆姿势;主张;装模作样So Im going to play you a couple of those.现在我来给你们演示一组这样的实验。07:10I want you to tell me if you think this laughter is reallaughter,or if you think its posed.我需要你们告诉我这个笑是真的,还是让你觉得装腔作势。07:12So is this involuntary laughter or more voluntary laughter?它们究竟是不由自主的笑还是故意发出的笑？07:16(Audio:Laughin

39、g)What does that sound like to you?（音频:笑声）你觉得这声音怎么样？07:19Audience:Posed.Sophie Scott:Posed?Posed.观众:装腔作势。苏菲斯科特:装腔作势？是的。07:26How about this one?那听听这个呢？07:28(Audio:Laughing)（音频:笑声）07:29(Laughter)Im the best.（笑声）我说过我很擅长这个。07:34(Laughter)(Applause)Not really.（笑声）（鼓掌）我其实不擅长。07:37No,that was helpless laug

40、hter,and in fact,to record that,allthey had to do was record me watching one of my friendslistening to something I knew she wanted to laugh at,and Ijust started doing this.这确实是个难以抑制的笑,而实际上,为了录下这个,他们只需要让我看着自己的朋友 听一段（我知道她肯定会笑的）录音,我立刻就笑成了这样。07:41What you find is that people are good at telling thediffe

41、rence between real and posed laughter.你会发现人们很擅长区分 真笑和假笑。07:52They seem to be different things to us.对我们来说这是不同的两件事。07:57Interestingly,you see something quite similar withchimpanzees.有趣的是,我们发现黑猩猩在某些方面与人非常相似。07:59Interestingly:adv.有趣地 chimpanzees:n.脊椎黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数)Chimpanzees laugh differently if t

42、heyre being tickled than iftheyre playing with each other,and we might be seeingsomething like that here,involuntary laughter,ticklinglaughter,being different from social laughter.黑猩猩在被挠痒时的笑 和他们玩耍时的笑也是不同的,这一点和我们很像,不自主的笑、被挠痒的笑,与社交性的笑是不同的。08:02Theyre acoustically very different.它们从声音上就有大不同。08:12The re

43、al laughs are longer.Theyre higher in pitch.真笑声音更长。音调更高。08:14When you start laughing hard,you start squeezing air outfrom your lungs under much higher pressures than you couldever produce voluntarily.如果你笑得很夸张,你就会用更大的压力将空气排出体外,你在主动去做时制造不出这么大的压力。08:16For example,I could never pitch my voice that high

44、to sing.举个例子,我唱歌时绝不能将音调提到那么高。08:23Also,you start to get these sort of contractions and weirdwhistling sounds,all of which mean that real laughter isextremely easy,or feels extremely easy to spot.（笑的同时）,你就产生了这一类（锯齿状）收缩和怪异的呼啸声。所有的这些都表明,真笑是极易被识别的,或者说极易被感受到的。08:26In contrast,posed laughter,we might thin

45、k it sounds a bitfake.相反,装腔作势的笑,想起来可能会有点假。08:34Actually,its not,its actually an important social cue.其实,它不会。实际上它是一个重要的社会线索。08:39We use it a lot,were choosing to laugh in a lot of situations,and it seems to be its own thing.我们经常使用它,我们选择在很多场合里发笑,而且笑得让人觉得他真的被逗乐。08:42tickled:vt.使发痒;使高兴;使满足/vi.觉得痒;(东西)使人

46、发痒/n.胳肢;痒感;使人发痒,高兴的东西 acoustically:adv.听觉上;声学上 voluntarily:adv.自动地;以自由意志 whistling:n.吹哨,吹笛;鸣汽笛/adj.发出哨声的;听起来像哨声的/v.鸣汽笛(whistle的ing形式)So,for example,you find nasality in posed laughter,that kindof ha ha ha ha ha sound that you never get,you could notdo,if you were laughing involuntarily.比如说,你会发现假笑中的鼻

47、音,那种“哈哈哈哈哈”的声音。那是你从未发出过的声音,你在不由自主的笑声里做不到这样。08:47So they do seem to be genuinely these two different sorts ofthings.所以这看起来真的是两件不同的事情。08:55We took it into the scanner to see how brains respond whenyou hear laughter.我们使用扫描仪来观察了 大脑在你听到笑声时的反应。08:58And when you do this,this is a really boring experiment.进

48、行这种扫描,是一个非常无聊的实验过程。09:02We just played people real and posed laughs.我们只需要播放别人的真笑和假笑。09:05We didnt tell them it was a study on laughter.我们没有说这是个关于笑的研究。09:07We put other sounds in there to distract them,and all theyredoing is lying listening to sounds.我们还会播放一些别的声音来转移注意,而他们只需要躺着,听那些声音。09:09We dont tell

49、 them to do anything.我们没叫他们做任何事。09:14Nonetheless,when you hear real laughter and when you hearposed laughter,the brains are responding completelydifferently,significantly differently.然而,他们在听到真笑和假笑时,大脑里的反应是完全不同的,显着的不同。09:15What you see in the regions in blue,which lies in auditory你看到的蓝色区域里,是听觉皮层,这是大脑

50、内对真笑做出更多反应的区域,并且看起来似乎 当你听What you see in the regions in blue,which lies in auditorycortex,are the brain areas that respond more to the reallaughs,and what seems to be the case,when you hearsomebody laughing involuntarily,you hear sounds youwould never hear in any other context.笑做出更多反应的区域,并且看起来似乎 当你听