DaphneBavelier_2012X[达芙妮 芭菲莉亚][电子游戏中的大脑].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Im a brain scientist,and as a brain scientist,Im actuallyinterested in how the brain learns,and Im especiallyinterested in a possibility of making our brains smarter,better and faster.我是一个脑科学家,而作为一个脑科学家,我对于大脑是如何学习的很感兴趣。我尤为感兴趣的是将我们的大脑变得 更聪明,更优秀,更迅速的可能性。00:13This is in this context Im goi

2、ng to tell you about videogames.When we say video games,most of you think aboutchildren.在这个前提下,我想谈谈电子游戏。当我们说到电子游戏的时候,大多数人都会想到孩子。00:27Its true.Ninety percent of children do play video games.没错。90%的孩子的确玩电子游戏。00:35But lets be frank.但是说实话,00:39When the kids are in bed,who is in front of the PlayStation?

3、当孩子们都睡着了,是谁在玩Play Station游戏机呢？00:42Most of you.The average age of a gamer is 33 years old,noteight years old,and in fact,if we look at the projecteddemographics of video game play,the video game playersof tomorrow are older adults.(Laughter)是你们。电子游戏玩家的平均年龄是33岁,不是8岁。其实,如果我们看看对于未来电子游戏玩家的预测,未来的玩家将是 中老年

4、人。（笑）00:47So video gaming is pervasive throughout our society.由此看来电子游戏渗透在了我们的社会中。01:06It is clearly here to stay.It has an amazing impact on oureveryday life.Consider these statistics released by Activision.After one month of release而它很明显的还会继续存在下去。它对于我们的日常生活有非常惊人的影响。这里列的是一些由美国动视公司公布的统计数据。01:10gamer:

5、n.玩家,博弈者 projected:adj.投影的,投射/v.投射(project的过去分词);计划 demographics:n.人口统计资料pervasive:adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的 statistics:n.统计;统计学;统计统计资料of the game Call Of Duty:Black Ops,it had been played for68,000 years worldwide,right?在使命召唤:黑暗行动发布后的一个月内,它在全世界范围内的 累积游戏时间就达到了六万八千年。01:24Would any of you complain if this was

6、 the case about doinglinear algebra?如果把这些时间都用在做线性代数的题目上了,你们还会有抱怨吗？01:33So what we are asking in the lab is,how can we leverage thatpower?所以我们现在的问题就是如何利用这种惊人的能量。01:39Now I want to step back a bit.我们先退一步。01:44I know most of you have had the experience of coming backhome and finding your kids playing t

7、hese kinds of games.我知道你们可能不少都有过下班回家 发现孩子在玩这类游戏的经历。01:46(Shooting noises)The name of the game is to get after yourenemy zombie bad guys before they get to you,right?（射击噪音）这些游戏的目标 一般就是在敌人、僵尸、坏人 打倒你之前先打倒他们。01:54And Im almost sure most of you have thought,Oh,comeon,cant you do something more intelligen

8、t than shooting atzombies?我可以推测,你们可能大多都想过:“拜托,你就不能做点比射杀僵尸 更能体现智商的事情吗？”02:02Id like you to put this kind of knee-jerk reaction in thecontext of what you would have thought if you had foundyour girl playing sudoku or your boy reading Shakespeare.Right?但是如果你发现 你的女儿在玩数独,或是儿子在读莎士比亚的时候,你还会有这样的条件反射吗？02:12l

9、inear:adj.线的，线型的；直线的，线状的；长度的 algebra:n.代数学 leverage:n.手段,影响力;杠杆作用;杠杆效率/v.利用;举债经营 step back:后退,退后;无意义 zombie:n.行尸走肉;蛇神;木讷呆板的人 zombies:n.僵尸;生性怪癖的人;僵尸电脑(zombie的复数)knee-jerk:n.下意识,自动反应;膝反射/adj.下意识的,自动反应的;膝反射的Most parents would find that great.大多数家长们都会倍感欣慰。02:26Well,Im not going to tell you that playing

10、video games daysin and days out is actually good for your health.我不是要告诉你们成天玩游戏 是对身体有益的。02:29Its not,and binging is never good.那是不健康的,而且过度沉迷永远不会是件好事。02:35But Im going to argue that in reasonable doses,actually thevery game I showed you at the beginning,those action-packed shooter games have quite pow

11、erful effects andpositive effects on many different aspects of our behavior.但我想要说服大家的是适量地 玩玩我们刚才提到的游戏,就是那些动作射击游戏,对我们的反应在各种层面上 有可观的正面影响。02:38TED演讲者：Daphne Bavelier|达芙妮 芭菲莉亚演讲标题：Daphne Bavelier:Your brain on video games|电子游戏中的大脑内容概要：Daphne Bavelier studies how the brain adapts to changes in experience

12、,either bynature or by training.快节奏的电子游戏如何影响大脑?和研究认知的达芙妮 芭菲莉亚一起走进实验室，听听关于电子游戏，甚至是动作射击游戏的惊人发现。它们可以帮助我们学习，集中注意力，以及不可思议地，帮助我们多任务处理。(摄制于 TEDxCHUV.)Theres not one week that goes without some majorheadlines in the media about whether video games are goodor bad for you,right?Youre all bombarded with that.几

13、乎没哪个星期媒体 不写几条关于电子游戏 是好是坏的头条。你们被这样的信息轰炸着。02:55Id like to put this kind of Friday night bar discussion asideand get you to actually step into the lab.我们现在先不谈这个适合闲来无事争论一下的话题,而是看看在实验室中得到的结果。03:06What we do in the lab is actually measure directly,in aquantitative fashion,what is the impact of video games

14、 onthe brain.我们在实验室里的工作就是直接准确地测试、量化电子游戏 对于大脑的影响。03:15binging:n.粘合;夹锯;包边/v.狂欢;沉溺(binge的ing形式)doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式)/n.药核剂量(dose的复数)atthe beginning:首先;从一开始;起初;从头开始 action-packed:adj.内容丰富有趣的;令人激动的 aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数)bombarded:v.轰炸(bombard的过去分词);炮击;向连续提问题/adj.被轰击的;频频不断的 quantitative:adj.定量的；量的，

15、数量的And so Im going to take a few examples from our work.我想要举几个我们在研究中发现的例子。03:24One first saying that Im sure you all have heard is the factthat too much screen time makes your eyesight worse.这第一个说法,我想大多数人都听说过:看太久屏幕会导致视力下降。03:27Thats a statement about vision.这是个关于视力的说法。03:35There may be vision scient

16、ists among you.也许你们中有人是视觉方面的专家,03:37We actually know how to test that statement.我们知道如何检验这个说法。03:39We can step into the lab and measure how good your visionis.我们可以在实验室中测出你的视力到底怎么样。03:42Well,guess what?People that dont play a lot of actiongames,that dont actually spend a lot of time in front ofscreens

17、,have normal,or what we call corrective-to-normalvision.Thats okay.你猜结果怎么样？不经常玩游戏 也不经常看屏幕的人 视力正常,或者说定义为正常。这没什么问题。03:46The issue is what happens with these guys that actuallyindulge into playing video games like five hours per week,10hours per week,15 hours per week.现在我们要关注的是那些 每周花5个小时,10个小时,15个小时沉迷于

18、游戏的那些人。03:59By that statement,their vision should be really bad,right?根据刚才的说法这些人的视力应该很差,对吗？04:06Guess what?Their vision is really,really good.你猜怎么着？这些人的视力居然非常好。04:09Its better than those that dont play.甚至比那些不玩游戏的人视力还要好。04:12And its better in two different ways.他们视力好体现在两个方面。04:15indulge:vt.满足;纵容;使高兴;

19、使沉迷于/vi.沉溺;满足;放任The first way is that theyre actually able to resolve smalldetail in the context of clutter,and though that means beingable to read the fine print on a prescription其一是他们可以在杂乱中 看到细节。也就是说 在看药品说明上的小字的时候04:17rather than using magnifier glasses,you can actually do itwith just your eyesigh

20、t.不需要放大镜,靠肉眼就能看清。04:26The other way that they are better is actually being able toresolve different levels of gray.其二是他们能够 分辨不同的灰度。04:33Imagine youre driving in a fog.That makes a differencebetween seeing the car in front of you and avoiding theaccident,or getting into an accident.想象一下你在大雾中开车。有分辨灰度的

21、能力 能够让你分辨前方汽车,意味着你是否能避免车祸的发生。04:38So were actually leveraging that work to develop games forpatients with low vision,and to have an impact on retrainingtheir brain to see better.我们现在正在用这个发现开发游戏 帮助视力不好的病人重新训练他们的大脑,让他们能看得更好。04:48Clearly,when it comes to action video games,screen timedoesnt make your e

22、yesight worse.通过研究我们很明显地发现,对于玩动作电子游戏的人来说,玩游戏的时间长并不意味着视力变差。04:58Another saying that Im sure you have all heard around:Video games lead to attention problems and greaterdistractability.另一个我相信大家都听说过的说法是 电子游戏会让人难以集中注意力。05:05clutter:n.杂乱,混乱/vt.使凌乱;胡乱地填满 magnifier:n.光放大镜;电子放大器 in a fog:困惑的 leveraging:n.杠杆

23、作用;举债经营/v.利用贷款进行投机(leverage的ing形式)retraining:n.再训练/v.再训练;教授新技术(retrain的ing形式)leadto:导致;通向Okay,we know how to measure attention in the lab.我们知道怎么在实验室中测量一个人注意力的集中程度。05:13Im actually going to give you an example of how we do so.我将带给大家一个测量的例子。05:17Im going to ask you to participate,so youre going to hav

24、eto actually play the game with me.Im going to show youcolored words.I want you to shout out the color of the ink.我希望大家都能参与进来,所以需要大家一起和我做这个游戏。我将展示一些有颜色的单词。我希望大家大声说出字体的颜色。05:21Right?So this is the first example.明白了吗？马上是第一个例子。05:32Chair Orange,good.Table Green.（“椅子”）橙色,很好。（“桌子”）绿色。Chair Orange,good.Ta

25、ble Green.05:35Board Audience:Red.Daphne Bavelier:Red.（“木板”）红色。05:40Horse DB:Yellow.Audience:Yellow.（“马”）达芙妮 芭菲莉亚:黄色。观众:黄色05:41Yellow DB:Red.Audience:Yellow.（“黄色”）达芙妮 芭菲莉亚:红色。观众:货色。05:42www.XiYuS锡育软件Blue DB:Yellow.（“蓝色”）达芙妮 芭菲莉亚:黄色。05:44Okay,you get my point,right?(Laughter)Youre gettingbetter,but i

26、ts hard.Why is it hard?大家明白我做这个游戏的意思了吧？（笑声）你们做得越来越好,但是这还是很难。为什么会觉得难？05:45Because I introduced a conflict between the word itself andits color.因为在这个游戏里 文字本身的意思和它字体的颜色是矛盾的。05:55How good your attention is determines actually how fast youresolve that conflict,so the young guys here at the top oftheir ga

27、me probably,like,did a little better than some of usthat are older.你的注意力有多集中决定了你能多快 解决这个矛盾。所以状态最佳的年轻人们会比 我们中有些年龄大些的表现好一点。06:02play the game:玩游戏;行动光明正大;遵守比赛规则 determines:决心/确定What we can show is that when you do this kind of task withpeople that play a lot of action games,they actually resolvethe con

28、flict faster.我们会发现如果 普通人和经常玩游戏的人一起做这个游戏的时候,经常玩动作电子游戏的人能更快地处理其中的矛盾。06:12So clearly playing those action games doesnt lead toattention problems.所以很明显地,玩动作电子游戏不会导致 注意力产生问题或是更容易分心。06:20Actually,those action video game players have many otheradvantages in terms of attention,and one aspect ofattention whi

29、ch is also improved for the better is our abilityto track objects around in the world.事实上,动作电子游戏的玩家 在注意力方面还有很多其他优势。其中之一得到提高的是能够更好地追踪周围的物体。06:26This is something we use all the time.When youre driving,youre tracking,keeping track of the cars around you.这个能力我们很多时候都会用到。开车的时候你在追踪,追踪着周围的车子。06:38Youre als

30、o keeping track of the pedestrian,the running dog,and thats how you can actually be safe driving,right?你也在追踪着行人和奔跑着的狗,做到了这点才能安全驾驶,对吗？06:43In the lab,we get people to come to the lab,sit in front of acomputer screen,and we give them little tasks that Im goingto get you to do again.在实验室里,我们会找人到实验室里,坐在

31、电脑屏幕前,然后给他们些小任务,我将要让大家再做一遍相同的小任务。06:49Youre going to see yellow happy faces and a few sad bluefaces.These are children in the schoolyard in Geneva duringa recess during the winter.Most kids are happy.Its actuallyrecess.你们将要看到黄色的笑脸 和一些蓝色的哭脸。这代表了 冬天日内瓦的孩子们课间在操场上玩。大多数孩子很开心因为下课了,06:57in terms of:依据;按照;在

32、方面;以措词 for the better:好转,向好的方向发展 pedestrian:adj.徒步的;缺乏想像力的/n.行人;步行者 sit in:列席,旁听;参加;代理 schoolyard:n.校园;运动场 recess:n.休息;休会;凹处/vt.使凹进;把放在隐蔽处/vi.休息;休假But a few kids are sad and blue because theyve forgottentheir coat.但是还是有几个不太开心用蓝色代表,因为他们忘记穿外套了。07:12Everybody begins to move around,and your task is to k

33、eeptrack of who had a coat at the beginning and who didnt.SoIm just going to show you an example这些孩子开始到处移动,而你们的任务 就是记住谁一开始 有外套,谁没有。现在的这个例子里面07:15where there is only one sad kid.Its easy because you canactually track it with your eyes.You can track,you can track,and then when it stops,and there is a

34、question mark,and Iask you,did this kid have a coat or not?只有一个哭脸。这很简单因为你可以 用眼睛追踪着它。你看着它,看着它,然后它停住了,上面有一个问号。我的问题是,这个孩子有外套吗？07:24Was it yellow initially or blue?这张脸一开始是黄色的还是蓝色的？07:36I hear a few yellow.Good.So most of you have a brain.(Laughter)Im now going to ask you to do the task,but nowwith a lit

35、tle more challenging task.There are going to bethree of them that are blue.Dont move your eyes.我听到了几个人说是黄色的,很好,大家还是有点儿头脑的。（笑声）现在我们再做一遍,不过这次 加大点难度,有三个蓝色的脸。不要看其他地方,07:39Please dont move your eyes.Keep your eyes fixated andexpand,pull your attention.Thats the only way you canactually do it.If you move

36、your eyes,youre doomed.千万不要看其他的地方。不要移动你的目光,尽量使用你的余光,集中注意力。只有这样你才能成功。如果你移动了你的眼睛就肯定失败了。07:52Yellow or blue?黄色还是蓝色？08:00move around:v.走来走去;绕着来回转 keep track of:记录;与保持联系 initially:adv.最初，首先；开头 fixated:adj.念念不忘的;稳固关系的/v.使固定下来;注视(fixate的过去分词)Audience:Yellow.DB:Good.观众:黄色。达芙妮 芭菲莉亚:很好。08:02So your typical no

37、rmal young adult can have a span of aboutthree or four objects of attention.一般普通年轻人 的注意范围大概是三到四个物体。08:03Thats what we just did.Your action video game player has aspan of about six to seven objects of attention,which is whatis shown in this video here.就像我们刚才看到的那样。而动作电子游戏的玩家一次可以注意到六到七个物体。像这个视频里一样。08:0

38、9Thats for you guys,action video game players.轮到你们大显神通了,游戏玩家们。08:18A bit more challenging,right?(Laughter)Yellow or blue?Blue.We have some people that are serious out there.Yeah.(Laughter)有点挑战性了,对吗？黄色的还是蓝色的？的确是蓝色的。在座的有些人很有一手嘛！（笑声）很好！08:22Good.So in the same way that we actually see the effects ofvid

39、eo games on peoples behavior,we can use brain imagingand look at the impact of video games on the brain,and wedo find many changes,我们可以直接看到 电子游戏对于人反应的影响,同样的,我们也可以通过脑成像技术 看看电子游戏对大脑的影响。我们看到很多改变,08:31but the main changes are actually to the brain networks thatcontrol attention.So one part is the pariet

40、al cortex which isvery well known to control the orientation of attention.但是最主要的变化还是表现在大脑控制注意力的部分。其中之一是众所周知 控制注意力方面的大脑顶叶皮层。08:45The other one is the frontal lobe,which controls how wesustain attention,and another one is the anterior cingulate,which controls how we allocate and regulate attention and

41、resolve conflict.还有一个则是控制我们 如何保持注意力的大脑额叶。另有一个是控制我们如何分配和调节注意力以及处理矛盾的前扣带皮层。08:56parietal:adj.解剖腔壁的;颅顶骨的;(美)学院生活的/n.顶骨,头顶骨 cortex:n.解剖皮质;树皮;果皮 known to:已知的orientation:n.方向;定向;适应;情况介绍;向东方 frontal:adj.额的;正面的,前面的/n.额骨,额部;房屋的正面 lobe:n.(脑,肺等的)叶;裂片;耳垂;波瓣 anterior:adj.前面的;先前的 cingulate:adj.有色带的;(昆虫腹部)有色带环绕的 a

42、llocate:vt.分配;拨出;使坐落于/vi.分配;指定Now,when we do brain imaging,we find that all three ofthese networks are actually much more efficient in peoplethat play action games.现在,当我们做脑成像的时候,我们会发现 游戏玩家大脑的这三个神经网络结构 都比一般人的更有效率。09:07This actually leads me to a rather counterintuitive finding inthe literature about

43、technology and the brain.这些使我从文献中找到了 关于科技和大脑违背一般人常识的发现。09:16You all know about multitasking.You all have been faulty ofmultitasking when youre driving and you pick up yourcellphone.Bad idea.Very bad idea.你们都知道 多任务处理(multitasking)。一边开车 一边拿起手机的多任务处理不是明智之举。非常糟糕。09:24Why?Because as your attention shifts

44、 to your cell phone,youare actually losing the capacity to react swiftly to the carbraking in front of you,and so youre much more likely toget engaged into a car accident.为什么？因为你的注意力实际上转移到了你的手机上,于是不能对前面的车况 做出敏捷的反应。所以你 出车祸的可能性大大增加了。09:36Now,we can measure that kind of skills in the lab.现在我们可以在实验室中测量这

45、种能力。09:52We obviously dont ask people to drive around and see howmany car accidents they have.That would be a little costlyproposition.But we design tasks on the computer where wecan measure,to millisecond accuracy,how good they are atswitching from one task to another.我们当然不会让人开着车到处跑 然后看看会出几场车祸。这个方案

46、代价有点高。但是我们可以通过特殊设计的电脑程序 精确到以毫秒为单位测量考察人们能多快地在不同任务间切换。09:55counterintuitive:adj.违反直觉的 multitasking:n.多重任务处理;多重任务执行 cellphone:n.蜂窝式便携无线电话;大哥大swiftly:adv.很快地;敏捷地;即刻 braking:v.制动(brake的现在分词);刹车;制动系统/n.刹车 millisecond:n.毫秒switching:n.电开关;转换;整流;配电/v.转换(switch的ing形式)When we do that,we actually find that peop

47、le that play a lotof action games are really,really good.当我们做这样的实验的时候,我们发现 玩很多动作电子游戏的人完成得真的非常非常好。10:11They switch really fast,very swiftly.They pay a very smallcost.他们在任务间的切换非常快速敏捷。他们所付出的代价很小。10:16Now Id like you to remember that result,and put it in thecontext of another group of technology users,a

48、 group whichis actually much revered by society,which are people thatengage in multimedia-tasking.现在,我希望大家记住这个结论,把它带入到另外一群科技使用者的背景下。这些可以“多媒体任务处理”（multimediatasking）的人相当受社会推崇。10:21What is multimedia-tasking?Its the fact that most of us,most of our children,are engaged with listening to music atthe sa

49、me time as theyre doing search on the web at thesame time as theyre chatting on Facebook with their friends.什么叫“多媒体任务处理”？我们中的很多人还有很多孩子都会一边听着音乐 一边上网搜索信息一边和朋友在脸谱网上聊天。10:34Thats a multimedia-tasker.这就是可以“多媒体任务处理”的人。10:47There was a first study done by colleagues at Stanford andthat we replicated that s

50、howed that those people thatidentify as being high multimedia-taskers are absolutelyabysmal at multitasking.有一个试验由斯坦福的研究人员们先做,我们又进行了重复试验过的研究表明 被认为是高效的“多媒体任务处理者”多任务处理的能力非常糟糕。10:50When we measure them in the lab,theyre really bad.他们在实验室里被测量的表现真的很差。11:04Right?So these kinds of results really makes two