高二英语-知识讲解 话题语言应用——克隆.doc

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1、话题语言应用克隆编稿：牛新阁 审稿：王春霞语言积累交际用语1接受与拒绝Im happy to accept. but. 我很高兴接受.，但是.I can / cannot accept your argument because. 我能/不能接受你的说法，因为.I support. because.我支持.因为. No, I cant agree with. because. 不，我不同意. 因为.I agree with / could never agree to. because. 我同意/永远也不同意.因为.How can you believe that? 你怎么能相信那事呢？You

2、r argument has convinced me because. 你的理由说服了我，因为.I would like to agree with you but. 我想同意你的看法，但是.Do you think it is wise to.? 你认为做.明智吗？No, that is not reasonable because. 不，那不合理，因为.Is it fair to.? 做.公平吗？ I dont care for your ideas because. 我不接受你的观点，因为.I dont mind but. 我不介意，但是.2表扬与鼓励Your ideas sound

3、very encouraging to me你的观点在我看来很鼓舞人心。 Thats a good / great idea好主意。Well done to you for. 做得好.话题语句（1）有关克隆：1. Whats cloning? Cloning is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. 2. 两种克隆：man-made clones 人工克隆 natural clones 自然克隆3. How a clone is produced?The cloning of plants is simple an

4、d relatively easy. It can be done by taking cuttings (man-made cloning) or letting the plant produce its own runners (natural cloning). The cloning of animals is more complicated. It was not achieved until 1996.4. Dolly the sheep was the first successful clone of a mammal（哺乳动物）. 5. Animal cloning ra

5、ised arguments and scientists are not sure about its future.要点提示：relatively 相对来说 cutting 插枝 runner 蔓，纤匐枝 complicated 结构复杂的Clone an extinct animal？克隆灭绝动物？1. Why shouldnt you clone an extinct animal unless there is enough diversity in the group? There will not be enough genetic variation in the group

6、to be able to resist new illnesses.2. Why is it wrong to clone an extinct animal if it would have to live in a zoo? It is not a good idea to clone an animal that would have to live in a zoo because it is not a suitable habitat to develop and increase its numbers. The zoo is not a natural environment

7、 for a wild animal.3. Why cant you clone the DNA of animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years?The DNA of animals more than 10,000 years old is not suitable for cloning, for it cant survive so long.要点提示：extinct 灭绝的 diversity 多样性 variation 变化（vary v. 变化） habitat 栖息地 survive 幸存 Questions

8、to discuss:1. Do you support the idea of producing human embryos (胚胎) for medical purposes? Why?2. Do you think it a good idea to use cloned humans for organ transplants? Why?3. Do you think a cloned human should have human rights? Why?4. Do you think cloned humans will have the same talents as the

9、original ones? Why?要点提示：for medical purposes 为了医用目的 organ transplants 器官移植 cloned humans 克隆人human rights 人权 original 原来的，起初的话题语句（2）Advantages and disadvantages of cloningAdvantages1. to produce commercial quantities of plants 2. be useful for research on new plant species3. be useful for research on

10、 animals.4. to help cure serious illnesses in humans.Disadvantages1. may develop the illnesses of older animals.2. may die younger than the donor animals.3. Evil leaders may want to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. may be misused by bad people4. may cause some moral and religious problems

11、.要点提示：commercial 商业的 species 物种 donor 捐赠者，供体 evil 邪恶的moral 道德上的 religious 宗教的 Two reasons for/against medical cloningFor： 1. to cure serious illnesses that have no cure at the moment2. to help people who have diseases which make them gradually lose their ability to move easily or to thinkAgainst：1.

12、to make the stem cells that will cure an illness of one person, you have to kill another human being2. Scientists are worried about the efficiency (效率) of the system.Attitude towards cloning：positive肯定的 negative否定的 neutral中立的 objective客观的, impartial 公平的 arbitrary武断的 optimistic乐观的 pessimistic悲观的criti

13、cal持批评态度的 cautious谨慎的 indifferent冷漠的 subjective 主观的【高清课堂：Cloning 语言应用】话题语句（3）About cloning 有关克隆1. IntroductionThe possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep “Dolly”, aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scienti

14、fic and ethical (伦理的) implications. The feat（功绩）, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of “cloning” an umbrella（庇护）term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.注释：cite 引用，嘉奖 gen

15、erate 产生 duplicate 复制 biological（biology）生物的2. What is cloning? When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive (复制) cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides p

16、roducing the genetic twin of another organism（有机体）. 注释：genetic 遗传（学）的3. Are there different types of cloning? A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an stance (立场) on current public policy issues (议题) and making the best possible personal decisions. The following th

17、ree types of cloning technologies will be discussed: (1) recombinant (重组器官) DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic (治疗的) cloning.4. Can organs be cloned for use in transplants移植?How would you like a clone of yourself stowed (储藏) away somewhere in case you need a

18、 new heart or liver, like a spare tire in the trunk of a car? Organ transplants are difficult undertakings for two major reasons. First, you have to find a donor（捐赠人）, and second, theres no guarantee that your body will accept the new organ. Statistically, organ demand far outweighs current supply.

19、What if you cloned organs from your own cells that your body would recognize? But the question is how cloned organ transplants would work? If you wanted to keep living, doctors obviously couldnt remove your heart and clone a new one. Cloning yourself in order to use the clones organs wouldnt fly eit

20、her. 注释：spare tire 备胎 organ transplants 器官移植 outweigh （在重量、重要性或价值方面）超过5. What are the risks of cloning?Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient (无效率的). More than 90% of cloning attempts fail. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have higher rates of infection, tum

21、or (肿瘤) growth, and other disorders. Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early. About a third of the cloned calves (小牛) born alive have died young, and many of them were abnormally large. Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator (指示物

22、) of long-term survival. Clones have been known to die mysteriously. 话题语句（4）有用的句子- 试试你会了吗？1. 克隆植物比较简单，然而克隆动物就非常复杂了。 Cloning plants is _ while cloning animals is very _.2. 但是决心和耐心使科学家最终于1996年收获了突破性的结果克隆羊“多莉”。 But at last the _ and _ of the scientists _ in 1996 with a _ the cloning of Dolly the sheep.

23、3. 她（多利羊）看来是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。 The fact that she seemed to _ _ was very _.4. （2015 北京高考）电视耳状物能帮助你听电视同时不会扰乱其他的人。 TV Ears helps you listen to TV without _ others.5. 研究克隆的科学家发现多莉得的病更易发生在年老的羊身上，这让他们很沮丧。 _ scientists _ _ _ to find that Dollys illnesses were more _ to a much older animal.6. 如果改进他们的研究程序，问题会不会

24、解决呢？ Could it be solved if _ were _ in their research _?7. 另一方面，多莉的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。 On the other hand, Dollys appearance _ and had a great _ the media and public _.8. 它突然打开了人们的眼界，使人们看到了有可能利用克隆技术来治疗重病，甚至还有可能克隆出人类。 It suddenly _ the possibility of using cloning to _ and even to _.9. 有

25、些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究，但是其他国家，如中国和英国，则仍然在继续收集克隆技术有可能提供丰富的医疗救助的证据。 Some began to _ their _ and _ research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to _ _ of the _ medical aid that cloning could provide.10. 像侏罗纪公园这部电影很受欢迎，证明了这一想法使人们感到既恐惧又兴奋。 The _ of films such as Ju

26、rassic Park proves how the idea _ a mixture of fear and excitement _.11. 如果某个动物群体没有足够的多样性以战胜疾病，那么克隆这种动物的所有努力都将是无用的。 All _ of cloning an animal will be _ if there is not enough _ in the group to overcome illnesses.12. 群体的多样性是这群动物的基因以不同的方式排列。Diversity in the group means having animals with their _ _ i

27、n different ways.13. .而另外一些却能存活下来，并且把这种免疫力传给下一代。 .but others will survive and _ the ability _ that disease to the next _.14. 经过克隆的动物群体的最大缺点是：它们的基因排列有可能完全相同，因而可能死于同一种疾病。 The great _ to cloning a group of animals is that they would all have the same _ _ and so might die of the same illness.15. 所以说恐龙回归

28、地球的可能性仅仅是个梦想罢了。 So the chance of _ ever _to the earth is _ a dream.参考答案：1. straightforward; complicated2. determination; patience; paid off; breakthrough3. develop (发育，开发，培育) normally; encouraging4. disturbing5. Cloning; were cast down; appropriate6. corrections; made; procedure7. raised a storm of

29、objections; impact on; imagination8. opened everybodys eyes to; cure serious illnesses; produce human beings9. reform; legal systems; forbade（forbid, forbade, forbidden）; accumulate evidence; abundant10. popularity; struck; into peoples hearts11. efforts; in vain; diversity12. genes arranged13. pass

30、 on; to resist; generation14. drawback; arrangement of genes15. dinosaurs; returning; merely 写作运用辩论报告 这类文章要求用一定的理由来说明自己对事物或问题的见解，属于议论文的范畴。这类作文一般有两种写法： 1. 分三部分进行论述：1）提出议题 2）给出论据 3）得出结论2. 分四部分进行论述：1）说明辩论的主题、参与者等 2）列举正方观点及其理由3）列举反方观点及其理由 4）得出结论或阐述自己的观点典型词句：1. We had a heated discussion about . 我们进行了一次有

31、关.热烈的讨论。2. Opinions about . are divided. 有关.的看法有分歧。3. Different people hold different ideas/ opinions. 不同的人有不同的想法。4. People have taken / adopted different attitudes towards . 人们对.持有不同的观点。5. hold the opinion that . 持有.的观点6. be in favour of the idea that . 赞成.的观点7. People who are for / against the ide

32、a think that . 赞成/ 反对的人认为.8. Some people believe that ., but others argue that . 有些人相信.，而另一些人辩白到.9. Firstly . Secondly . Thirdly . 首先.第二.第三10. In my opinion, . 在我看来，. on the whole 总的来说11. As far as I am concerned, . 据我所知，.12. convincing 有说服力的13. Their reason was that . 他们的理由是.14. All things consider

33、ed, I remain firmly in favor of. 综合考虑所有的事情，我仍然坚决支持.15. According to the analysis above, we can conclude that . 根据以上分析，我们可以得出结论：.话题写作范文Example 1昨天举行了一场辩论赛，主题是“是否应该允许以医疗为目的的克隆”，辩论赛结果是支持克隆的一方获胜。观点如下：正方：1. 严重的疾病可以借助克隆技术。2. 克隆技术接入的治疗过程简单，对病人无害。3. 67%的美国人民支持以医学为目的的克隆。反方：1. 克隆本身没有安全保证。2. 克隆过程复杂并且以牺牲大量的动物为代

34、价，因此在欧洲至少有20个国家不允许克隆。3. 名人Pope John Paul 反对克隆。参考范文：Yesterday there was a very exciting debate at Xinxing Middle School about whether medical cloning should be allowed or not. After a lively discussion, a vote was taken and the side arguing for medical cloning won.The arguments for medical cloning we

35、re very strongly put by the team supporting the motion. They argued that serious illness and people who were losing their ability to move or think could be helped by medical cloning. They explained that the procedures would be safe, quick and with no problems for the patients. They showed that 67% o

36、f the people in America supported it. Their arguments were very convincing.The arguments put by the team opposing medical cloning were less strong. They argued in two ways. Their first reason was that the procedures were not yet secure. Their second reason was that it took many tries and many potent

37、ial animals had to be killed to produce one useable embryo for research. They explained that more than twenty European countries do not allow medical cloning research because of this. They quoted Pope John Paul . But their arguments were not so convincing.At the end of the debate, the audience left

38、with a feeling of hope. They realized that diseases that seem terrible today may be able to be cured soon. Many people were excited and happy when they left the hall. I was among them.Example 2你班同学对于克隆人持不同意见。请你根据下表中的提示，用英语写一篇短文，介绍同学们的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。一些同学赞成的理由一些同学反对的理由你的看法1能使许多不孕患者实现做父母的愿望。2为许多不治之症找到新的

39、治疗方案。3创造巨大的物质财富，有利于社会的进步。1会引起道德方面的问题。2可能成为恐怖分子的犯罪工具。3大量基因结构相同的“克隆人”可能诱发新型疾病的传播。参考范文：Should Human Cloning Be Allowed?Should human cloning be allowed? My classmates take different attitudes towards it.Some of my classmates are in favour of human cloning. They think it will help those who are not able

40、to have children realize their dream of being parents. Whats more, treatments for many incurable diseases can be found with its help. They also think it creates great wealth and is of great benefit to society progress.However，other classmates are against human cloning. As far as they are concerned,

41、it will give rise to moral questions. Worse still, terrorists may use it as a tool. Cloned people with lots of genes arranged in the same way may cause the spread of new diseases.In my opinion, human cloning should be fully developed. As an old saying goes，every coin has two sides. If we can make pr

42、oper use of human cloning, I believe it will benefit us all.拓展写作范文Example 1人们完成工作的方式通常有两种：独立完成和合作完成。两种方式各有特点。请你以“Working Individually or Working in a Team”为题，按照以下要点写一篇英语短文：1. 独立完成：自行安排、自己解决问题。2. 合作完成：一起讨论、相互学习。3. 我喜欢的方式和理由。参考范文：Working Individually or Working in a TeamThere are basically two ways to

43、 get work done. One is to work individually. In this way, people can decide for themselves when to start work and how to do it. Whats more, they will be able to learn how to solve problems on their own. People may also choose to work in a team, where they can learn from each other and help each othe

44、r. Besides, they may work out better ways to get work done by discussion. Personally, I prefer to work in a team, which offers me a chance to learn how to get along with others and to share my experiences with them. As the work can be divided among several people, it can be done efficiently. Teamwor

45、k is always important.Example 2现在越来越多的学生参加各种形式的选秀活动，对此，学校组织了一次辩论会。请你以“Should students participate in shows?”为题，写一篇130词左右的短文反映下表中的内容，并简要阐述自己的观点。赞成的理由反对的理由1. 能开阔视野，培养社交能力 2. 学会更好地展示自己1. 上学时应该多学习文化知识充实自己，参加选秀影响学业 2. 不仅会影响个人，还会影响校园风气参考范文：We had a heated discussion about whether students should participate in shows.Some think it is beneficial. First, it can help them broaden their vision and de